Books beyond paper Free Essays

The technological developments in the field of computers and internet have brought in far reaching changes in both at home and the office. Communication through letters has changed over to exchange of e-mails. The vast storage space available in the computer is being utilized for storing text, music, pictures and video in electronic format. We will write a custom essay sample on Books beyond paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Once inside the computer hard disk, they are all digital files consisting of bits of ‘ones’ and ‘zeroes’. Office automation has improved efficiency and has provided cost reduction to survive in a competitive environment. Modern technology is known to have had its impact on every part of our life. It can’t leave the world of books untouched. e-book We are living in the age of information and the internet. This is the period of the knowledge economy. There are several changes that have taken place in the work area. Most of the work is being done using the computer, intranet and the internet. Modern offices have become paperless offices. Faster microprocessors and higher disk space available in the computer has made storage and retrieval of data faster and convenient and this has helped Project Gutenberg to convert texts of classical literature into the digital format (History and philosophy of Project Gutenberg, 1992). The idea was to make books and other information to be made available to the general public. The World Wide Web can be considered as a vast library where all sorts of information is stored and is accessible to anybody from any corner of the world. The websites which form the World Wide Web can be considered as the books or magazines of the virtual library. The websites have different applications such as games, on line shopping, networking, music and video sharing. But there are many websites such as online dictionaries and encyclopedias which have been organized similar to books or printed matter. Some of these websites and the databases can be considered as electronic books (Bradley F. James). HTML coding is the standard followed by all websites to accommodate text as well as pictures. A server is a host where the WebPages are uploaded. Hundreds of such WebPages are put together in a common server with a domain name so that they can be accessed easily. The WebPages are interconnected using hypertext links. This has resulted in a network consisting of WebPages full of information on all sorts of topics. Massive work is in progress in adding content to the websites and they are being periodically updated. There are any number of online libraries which host books that can be read on the net. The HTML coded text can be read using the web browsers. In addition there are books that can be downloaded which are generally in pdf format. Adobe Acrobat Reader is the software that is required for reading text in pdf format. Reading a book from a computer screen is not same as reading from the printed book. It is basically the comfort level of the reader. To make the concept of the e-book more acceptable and also to provide the reader the flexibility of reading the book as per his requirement, several manufacturers have come up with paperback size portable electronic gadgets that work on batteries. The e-books come in two broad categories; the personal digital assistant (PDA) and electronic reading device (ERD). While PDA is for multi-function use and it is considered as a hand held computer, ERD is specially designed and marketed for reading pleasure. ERD has the provision to download and store the e-book files from a computer hard disk and display text on a screen. For music files mp3 compression became a standard but there is no such standard for e-books. There are as many as 25 different formats which are being promoted by different manufacturers. In addition, the e-books that are commercially made available are with digital rights management (DRM), a form of security to prevent people from sharing without authorization (Rosso Sara, 2009). The dedicated e-book readers use E Ink technology to simulate text printed on paper and ink particles are displayed electronically. There is no need of backlighting of the display. It can be read even in broad day light. Amazon kindle is a product developed by Amazon. com and the second generation model became available in March 2009. There is provision to deliver content directly to the e-book within a wireless coverage area hence a computer is not required to download content. It has features such as choosing text size; the text can be read out either through speakers or headphones while the screen continues to show the text being read; choice of voice can be male or female; dictionary look up for a particular word without disturbing the content; notes made are saved and backed up on Amazon servers. It has capacity to hold thousand digital books, and other text from magazines and blogs. Whatever books purchased from Amazon. com are in a store for the customer and he can download them as and when he wants through the wireless access provided. All other text files belonging to the user which are in different formats can be uploaded to Amazon where they get converted to kindle format and are available for downloading and reading on the device (Kindle User’s Guide). PRS-700 is the third generation Reader available from Sony and has additional features such as touch screen, on screen key board, and side lighting for reading in poor light. The addition of touch screen is supposed to have affected the display contrast. A portable mp3 player is integrated within the Reader to listen to music in the background. The internal storage capacity may be limited to 350 books but it has memory stick and SDHC SD card slot to store thousands of books and tunes (Gade Lisa, 2008). It uses Sony software to synchronize with desk top computer to transfer books to the Reader. It supports different text formats such as text, RTF, MS Word, PDF and ePub. The iLiad book from iRex Technologies is an e-book with 8. 1 inch touchscreen display and has memory that can be expanded to 8 GB to accommodate up to 10,000 books in digital format. This needs to be connected to a PC using a USB cable to search and browse the net to download books or get it from mobipocket. com an online ebook-store. Mobipocket Reader is the software that works with this device. The handwritten notes can be converted to digital text. This device supports several formats (Stunningly paper-like). Cybook Gen3 is an e-book from the French manufacturer Bookeen, slightly smaller in size with a six inch screen and easily fits in the hand. There is no provision for taking notes and Wi-Fi connectivity for downloading data. It needs to be connected to the PC with a USB cable to transfer data. 64MB built in memory is provided and SD card can be used for additional storage. It supports several text formats including PDF. It has an mp3 player for listening to music and also for playing audio books. It is energy efficient and the battery provides 8000 screen refreshes (Vogel Sandra, 2008). The present generation of student population is technology friendly and would love the text books in a digital format which provides a clear advantage of easy portability in a laptop. It is easier for the libraries to store them and many people can access them using the intranet or the internet. The content can be updated as required. The library can transform itself from a place of storing books to an information portal. There is a need to distinguish the reading content from the e-book as a medium for storage and reading. It is just like the difference between the music and the storage medium such as cassettes, CDs and mp3 digital files. The technological changes that were accepted in the music industry have helped in distributing music in different formats and now iPods and iTunes are the most popular form of the medium and the distribution channel for music. We are hopeful of a similar transformation to take place in text content and its medium and distribution provided the problem of DRM is settled and text content file is made available at a fractional price of its printed counterpart. A standard open file format will be helpful in expanding the market Conclusion The text in digital format has several advantages of small size, easy portability, searching capability, font type and size, and ready access to dictionary. In theses days where people are losing reading interest, the rigid attitude of publishers on DRM and high cost of text in digital format is coming in the way of generating customer interest in e-book as a useful reading of tool. Works cited Bradley F. James â€Å"The Electronic Book and PDA† retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. scinet. cc/articles/ebook/electronicbook. html Gade Lisa â€Å"Sony Reader PRS-700† Nov 11, 2008 Mobile Tech Review retrieved on 2009-05-15 http://www. mobiletechreview. com/gadgets/Sony-Reader-PRS-700. htm â€Å"History and philosophy of Project Gutenberg† Aug 92 retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. promo. net/pg/history. html â€Å"Kindle User’s Guide† 3rd edition retrieved on 2009-05-15 https://kindle. s3. amazonaws. com/Kindle_Users_Guide_v3. pdf Rosso Sara â€Å"How to Read an ebook: Formats, Devices, Dedicated Readers and iPhone Applications† Mar 10, 2009 retrieved on 2009-05-14 http://www. whenihavetime. com/how-to-read-an-ebook-formats-devices-dedicated-readers-and-iphone-applications/? PHPSESSID=bb4854fd629733b5375a6a83a7f0d70d â€Å"Stunningly, Paper-like† The iLiad Book Edition retrieved on 2009-05-16 http://www. irextechnologies. com/products/bookedition/features Vogel Sandra â€Å"Bookeen Cybook Gen3 Review† Nov 9, 2008 Trusted Reviews retrieved on 2009-05-16 http://www. trustedreviews. com/mobile-devices/review/2008/01/09/Bookeen-Cybook-Gen3/p1 How to cite Books beyond paper, Papers

Latin America Essay Example For Students

Latin America Essay In attempting to establish the current state of development in Latin America,historical chronology serves as the foundation necessary for a comprehensivelylogical position. Latin American development has evolved in distinct phases,which lead to the present day standings of the politics and peoples throughoutthe region. The culmination of distinct historical attributes: conquest,colonialism, mercantilism, captalism, industrialism, and globalism, serve as thedevelopmental path from the past, to allow an understanding of the current stateof development. In overview of this, as perceived by Latin American governments,the four primary areas of concern as reported from the 1994, Summit of theAmericas held by heads of 34 countries, were as follows: (1) preserving andstrengthening the community of democracies of the Americas, (2) free trade areaof the Americas (FTAA), (3) eradicating poverty and discrimination in thehemisphere, (4) education (Americas Net). Each issue examined by members of thesummit involves aspects of politics and economics. The desired changes in LatinAmerican society can be shown connected to these two subject areas, as held byauthors Skidmore and Smith, From modernization theory we take the casualpremise that economic transformations induce social changes which, in turn, havepolitical consequences.(Skidmore and Smith, 10) The understanding ofhistorical background, an awareness of current political goals, and theincorporation of modern political and social theory allow an increasinglyaccurate depiction of the state of development in Latin America to beconstructed. Development, largely defined as bringing to a more advanced oreffective state, stands often as the product of the successful management andcollaboration of economic, social, and political areas. The current state ofdevelopment should therefore gauge todays level of success in creating a moreadvanced and effective state. In considering these criteria, development inLatin America may best b e described as progressively transitional, continuallyimproving, yet still lacking stability and permanence in structure. Thisapparent lack is causing disfunctionalism of governmental bodies to besuccessfully consistent in altering the povertized sectors of society. Theultimate pattern perpetuates the social stratifications of Latin America, whichonly continue to erode the workings of development at large. To break such acycle, successful structural functionalism under governments of stability andpermanence must be achieved. Economics: Economics holds key importance in anarray of political and social workings in all areas of the world. The factormaking this sector a central component in successful development is thateconomics often serves as the catalyst between developmental areas. Even inbasic terms as proposed in the modernization theory employed by authors Skidmoreand Smith, economics alters the society, and this in turn will play a crucialfactor in political outcomes, Latin Ame rica has occupied an essentiallysubordinate or dependent position, pursuing economic paths that have beenlargely shaped by the industrial powers of Europe and the United States. Theseeconomic developments have brought about transitions in the social order andclass structure, and these changes in turn have crucially affected politicalchange.(Skidmore and Smith, 42) Keeping this in mind, one applies thisbackground knowledge to the region of Latin America. Historically, the marketsand economies of Latin America have functioned with near absolute dependence onthe needs and conditions of foreign markets. Largely, this economic relationshipis referred to as dependency theory. This dependence was instilled from theincipient colonization efforts of Spain and Portugal, which operated on themonarchial duty of mercantilism; all efforts were done in honor of the mothercountry alone. With the fall of colonialism and the onset of independentgovernment, two major transitions occurred. First, the n ewly independentgovernments advanced peoples of European blood and descent into the majority ofpolitical positions and a new upper class was established, Given these neweconomic incentives, landowners and property owners were no longer content torun subsistence operations on their haciendas; instead they sought opportunitiesand maximized profits (S+S, 45); this would later affect economics, politicsand society as a whole. Second, entry into a development period attempting a newmodel of growth, focused primarily upon the creation and balance of imports andexports. The outcomes of this period varied for different countries of LatinAmerica, mainly dependent upon the resources found inside their borders and thedesire of the outside world to invest within. Investment served as both thepromise and poison of this period. With the Industrial Revolution alteringproduction priorities around the world, less developed areas were sought to actas a production center of natural and raw materials, Between 1870 and 1913the value of Britains investments in Latin America went from 85 millionpounds sterling to 757 million pounds in 1913 an increase of almost ninefoldin four decades. (S+S, 43) The importance of this transition is found in thefact that investment in Latin America was made only to develop industry, whichproduced raw materials necessary to fuel the industrial revolution in Europe andthe United States. The next phase of economic development was spurred primarilyby the Great Depression, and two World Wars. What both of these eventsdemonstrated was that if Latin America continued economic dependence to such anextreme upon foreign markets then internal unrest would be felt by everyexternal, international unrest. For young markets and weak governments, such anoutlook could not be considered. Thus, a major economic trend developed underthe encompassing title of primary product import substitution, which inresponse to these realizations encouraged the creation and promotion of nationalindustry. To redirect market sectors toward the production of finished products,not merely raw materials, as previously produced, By producing industrial aswell as agricultural and mineral goods, the Latin American economies wouldbecome more integrated and self-sufficient. And, as a result, they would be lessvulnerable to the kinds of shocks brought on by the worldwide depression. (S+S,53) The final phase, following generalized periods of success and growth lead tothe inevitable realization that the world market was becoming exponentiallyimbalanced. Impracticalities in the idea of Latin America becoming a worldtrading partner of finished goods soon showed themselves as unemployment beganto rise from less demand on manual labor and wages failed to rise with prices onthe world market of more highly industrialized countries. Beyond wages howeverwas the more important loss of purchasing power from their goods, Over time,the world market prices of Latin Americas principal exp orts underwent asteady decline in purchasing power. (S+S, 56) For the same amount of productsused in the past, less capital goods were being purchased. This marked the pointof entry for many countries into failing economies and debt. Governments, indesperation, were at a point of decision, and the new answer came in the formof, debt-lead growth and corporatism. Simultaneously, there was an internationaltrend of opening markets to practices of free trade. As governmentsde-nationalized industry and took on increased loans from the IMF and WorldBank, inflation ensued throughout the economy, Between 1970 and 1980 LatinAmerica increased its external debt from $27 billion to $231 billion, withannual debt-service payments (interest plus amortization) of $18 billion. (S+S,58) In exchange for debt relief, the IMF imposed restrictions on Latin Americaneconomies, which were largely termed as structural adjustments. Thesepractices were being followed at first, yet the initial periods of time pr ovedto burden primarily the lower classes and by-pass the elites, whose prosperitywas secured outside of the countrys direct economy. The long-term result ofeconomic reform has been the lowering of inflation, Excluding Brazil, averageinflation throughout the region dropped from 130 percent in 1989 to 14 percentin 1994. (S+S, 60) Brazil Brazil did not heed the advice of the IMF and didnot choose to undergo the stringent economic reforms of the 1970s and 80s. Although the generalized trend was a lowering of deflation in the 1990s,Brazil fell short from that scenario and inflation soared. As reported bySkidmore and Smith, the rate of inflation found in 1993 was 2490 percentannually. In that same year a new finance minister was named, Fernando Cardoso,with his title came a $122 billion foreign debt. (My Brazil) In 1994, a newanti-inflation program was developed and this began to show results. Entitled,the Real Plan, its stringent economic reforms lead to improvements,consumer prices increased by 2% in 1998 compared to more than 1,000% in1994.(CIA World Fact Book) After initial improvements, Brazil became a victimof the 1998 world economic crisis, which began in Asia, spread to Russia andfrom there hit Brazil. Due to these pressures placed on the Brazilian currency,interest rates were hiked 50%, and according to the CIA, investment fled thecountry, Approximately $30 billion in capital left the country in August andSeptember.(CIA World Fact B ook) After receiving $41.5 billion in relief fromthe IMF, Brazil entered a new phase of economic reform to incorporate both adevaluation of the currency and a free floating exchange rate, On 13 January1999, Central Bank officials announced a one-time 8% devaluation of the real,and on 15 January 1999, the currency was declared to be freely floating. Theimmediate results from this are unable to be realized at such an early stage,yet companies are leaving neighboring nations and heading for Brazil due to theBrazilian devaluation, as reported in a recent Business Week article, The 35% slide of the Brazilian real against the Argentine peso is luring onemanufacturer after another north to Brazil.(Business Week)The currentgovernment under Cardoso can only speculate the outcome for now. Cuba Cuba hasserved as a classic example of the problems and downfalls of a dependent marketsystem. The main commodity produced worldwide by Cuba is sugar, and being aprimary product, the price fluctuates in ternationally. Beyond traditionalfactors that play into the economy of Cuba, one had remained fairly consistentover the last two decades until 1992, when the collapse of the Soviet Unionended any allied funding toward Cuba, By 1992 all Russian Economic andmilitary aid was gone. Oil shipments fell 86 percent from 1989 to 1992, whilefood imports dropped 42 percent in almost the same period. (S+S, 291). And,as reported by the CIA, Havana announced in 1995 that GDP declined by 35%during 1989-93, the result of lost Soviet aid and domestic inefficiencies. Julius Ceaser: Brutus Character Analysis Essay(Elections in Argentina) Chile Chile mirrors the haunting past of Argentina, asformer criminal acts are now on the forefront of the modern political agenda. Only since the nineties has Chile consistently begun to follow democraticprocedure. This procedure has of course, included investigations of past humanrights abuses. The source of the conflict has most often come down to a singleman, Pinochet. The role of the military in the Chilean government is stillheavily felt in many sectors of government, most notably the judiciary; thus thestruggle continues to design democracy amidst military tradition, precedence,and pressure. These pressures overall are beast summed up by Skidmore and Smith,Chiles newly restored democracy also faced formidable obstacle: anever-alert army still headed by an unrepentant Pinochet, a pro-militaryjudiciary, a rightist-dominated Senate, sporadic terrorism from left and right,and the explosive issue of what to do about past human rights abuses withits potential to ignite civilian-military conflict.(S+S,145) The presidentialelection of 1993 brought victory to Eduardo Frei, the son of a former ChileanPresident. The economic security and growth felt throughout the Chilean economyduring the nineties was a stabilizing effect upon government as well. Theelections held in December and Jamuary of this year introduced candidate Escobarto the presidency (Elections in Chile). Escobar ran on a platform to decreasegovernmental intervention in economics and increase focus and spending on publicworks. This marks a notable transition from past military rigidness faced bybusinesses and industry. Poverty: Stemming from the dependencia theory,the source of poverty throughout Latin America might possibly be postulated inany number of manners. The fact remains that at some point a world based totallyon agrarian and manual labor, was altered by the industrial revolution. LatinAmerica was certainly chosen to be the warehouse of supplies and materials, notthe boutique boasting finished products. Once an economic cycle begins, itbecomes difficult to alter; many years later, international powers havefaithfully held t he same positions, including Latin America. The fate of thirdworld is largely determined by a lack of economic opportunity, which many mightcontend is ultimately inaccessible due to a lack of education. Mexico With apopulation of 85 million people, Mexico boasts one of the largest citizenries,yet also one of the lower standards of living.(S+S, 4) Together, high numbers ofpeople, with low standards of living, has made Mexico a country plagued withpoverty, and with that, higher rates of crime. The mid nineties brought furthereconomic crisis to Mexico as NAFTA had unpredictable effects on the Mexicaneconomy, Fearful of the overvaluation of the peso, investors withdrew morethan $10 billion from Mexico within a week. (S+S, 261) This of course led theUS to create an emergency aid package, necessary to prevent default on Mexicandebts. The ultimate concern has and continues to be the direct connectionbetween market conditions and the welfare of people at large, which only showsgrim results for now, Between 1963 and 1981, according to one study, theproportion of Mexicans below the poverty line dropped from 77.5 to 48.5 percent;but from 1982 to 1992, under the pro-market reforms, it rose again to 66percent. (S+S, 262) Haiti Considered to be the poorest country in the Westernhemisphere, Haiti serves as the ultimate of lowered living standards, With apopulation of about 6.7 million, Haiti has a per capita income of approximately$370. (S+S, 301) Originally colonized by the French, Haitian slave labor fromAfrica eventually took over government. Following a political history ofviolence and rebellion, Haiti still remains on the outer edges of politicalstability. Aid amounts given to Haiti are high, yet the actual dispersion ofthese funds is halted often if the government shows signs of internal fracturingor corruption. Here is a list of aid currently being given to Haiti: UnitedStates $458 million European Union $467 million Canada $133 million France $121million Germany $76 million Japan $28 million Switzerland $20 million Holland$12 million Other $140 million Multilateral Inter-American Dev. Bank $761million World Bank (International Dev. Association) $377 million InternationalMonetary Fund $131 million U.N. Dev. Program $38 million Other U.N. $50 million$2.8 billion (Center for International Policy) Education: Education is able tobe shown in direct correlation to ones standard of living and thus, thisbecomes a central issue on both the political and social agendas of LatinAmerica. The low budgets of Latin American governments often leave public works,including education, on the bottom rung of priorities. Money is needed toattempt to solve problems caused ultimately by a lack of education, instead ofbeing spent on education itself, thus this creates a problem of a selfperpetuating nature. Only in the twentieth century has this cycle of poverty anddependence been actively pursued by increasing the quality and standards ofeducation, and political activi sm has been a central mode through which suchchanges might be made. Peru Peru is highlighted under education to understandthe multi-facted uses of education in Latin America. Far from traditionaleducational institutions, agrarian education as well as environmental educationhas a far more valuable impact in these countries. Perumujer is an NGO,which spreads literacy throughout farming regions, yet more importantly, addscomponents of conservancy and ecological education which not only allow thePeruvians to farm more efficiently, yet bring higher yields of food usingsmaller land area. Many of the storms throughout Latin America cause mudslides,which kill thousands each year; most often this is due to barren hillsides,which have been inappropriately farmed. Education in many countries focuses onapplicable and pertinent living skills and this can make an impact withunlimited benefits. Costa Rica This island country is one general exception tothe trends of education in Latin America and t hus is used as an example ofpossible success in the educational sector. Over the last ten years, Costa Ricahas boasted a 93% literacy rating, far above the averages held by many tropicalneighbors.(Info Costa Rica.com) This exists as the most literate population inCentral America. In 1869 the Costa Rican government, having generated large sumsof wealth from the coffee industry made education mandatory and free. Thenhaving one the lower literacy rates, one in ten could read and write; Costa Ricasets an uplifting trend that has developed over time. Not having a universityuntil 1940, Costa Rica now proudly has four such places of study and continuesto devote more money toward education annually. Students, under PresidentFigueres, are now required to take English, tying Costa Rica more closely intothe new economy and increasing success for tourism. (Info Costa Rica.com) In ananalysis of the structures in place in the areas of economics, politics, povertyreduction, and education, one sees that the state of development in LatinAmerica is not neglected for sure-sighted tactics are consistently beingemployed. The point of interest is that within all of these categories, mostpolitical stability has not fully developed until the onset of the final decadeof the twentieth century. Development in Latin America is a priority andexamples of successes are amply available, even in the midst of setbacks. Insummation, the development of Latin America is progressively transitional. Withtime, continued effort, and constant pursuit of democratic principles, thedevelopment of Latin America will succeed. BibliographyElections in Argentina by Wilfried Dirksen, 2000 http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/argentina.htmMy Brazil by Sergio Koreisha, 1997 http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil.htmlCIA World Fact Book: Brazil, 2000 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/br.html#econCIA World Fact Book: Cuba, 2000 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/cu.htmlBusiness Week (International Edition), January 17, 2000 Adios, Argentina Companies are Leaving for Brazil. Elections in Chile by Wilfried Dirksen,2000 http://www.agora.stm.it/elections/election/chile.htm Center forInternational Policy; Haiti: Democrats vs. Democracy by Robert E. White http://www.us.net/cip/democrac.htmPeru Mujer: Peruvian Literacy project http://www.literacyonline.org/explorer/peru_over.htmlInfo Costa Rica.com: Overview, Education http://www.infocostarica.com/education/general.htmlPolitics

Digital Diplomacy for Foreign and Domestic Citizens-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDigital Diplomacy for Foreign and Domestic Citizens. Answer: Introduction The modern era cannot imagine its life without the presence of Internet. There have been many revolutions in the field of Internet over many ages and these changes have affected all the aspects of life and on among them are International Relations. One of the most important key of the foreign policy is Diplomacy. This has also been transformed by the effect of revolution. This topic examines the research statement Foreign policy in the age of Digital diplomacy and its impact on both foreign and domestic citizens, which would further elaborate on the factors that how nations are utilizing the tools of diplomacy while pursuing the foreign policies. The paper further inspects the challenges and opportunities; the media offer for the diplomatic operations and raise arguments that nations cannot bear the loss of lagging behind. The 21st century is an era of scientific advancement and development. It is a time when life has become a rat race and no one wants to fail in any aspect. All the industries have to carry on a huge amount of research and development activities in order to understand the increasing and changing pattern of the demands of their customers. As a result of which, the companies are adopting all the modern means of technology within their production process. No company wants to fall back in this era of huge competition. Hence, they are always trying to gain sufficient knowledge about the usage of all the modern scientific and technological means (Bijola and Holmes 2015). Digital Diplomacy and the activities in internet entirely provide assistance in projecting the foreign policy of the state to both foreign and domestic citizens. Digital diplomacy renders promises for conducting global relations, a few is known from the point of view of certain perspective that the way digital diplomacy can be conducted to certain degree of limitations, success within the zone of diplomacy and the way the nations are utilizing the strategies to make the growth of foreign policies effective. The paper further unearths the diplomatic activities and the way it promotes challenges and opportunities with new policies developing around the internet. Discussion What is meant by the term Digital Diplomacy? Digital Diplomacy also known as ediplomacy is one of the very useful and important tool for achieving diplomatic objectives. It is a method, through which nation designs the international policy and make the efforts coordinated in order to influence activities of decision making process and attitude of the International Governments through the initiation of negotiations, dialogue and violence. The digital diplomacy, a new form of diplomacy has been interpreted, understood and defined. According to Manor and Segrev (2015), diplomacy primarily identifies the increasing usage and utilization of social media platforms in nations so that it can gain sufficient amount of knowledge from the different foreign policies and the objectives and control reputation effectively. The authors that the presence of digital diplomacy can be found in two levels, foreign ministries and embassies, which are located across the world, have noted it. Through its maintenance of operations on these aspects, cou ntries can frame out international policy and messages of nation branded as a rare characteristics of local citizens in terms to traditions, value, history and culture, thereby allowing the approval of their foreign policy and the image, which has been aimed to be promoted. Lewis (2014) has defined this diplomacy as the utilization of the digital instruments for initiating communication by the diplomats in order to transmit information to the public. Hanson (2012) has defined digital diplomacy as use of internet and innovative technologies of information and communication to render support in order to carry out diplomatic aims. The United Kingdoms Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) elaborated its understanding of the concept of digital diplomacy in relation to the foreign policy. Digital diplomacy is the process of solving the problems of foreign policy through internet. It is regarded as a convenient method of diplomacy through a separate transmitter. It is through the use of web, that people can listen, evaluate and engage the foreign policy matter in many interesting ways. It is even possible to enlarge the scope of understanding and transmit directly with the government as well as with the society. However, the question arises, why it is significant to use digital diplomacy? It is significant in the sense that it makes the users to update them with the ideologies and policies of the politicians and accordingly, if the person does not consider digital debate, he can lose by default the argument. Therefore, in order to provide both the policy and information advices to the governments, the ministries o f foreign have depended on their staff and their diplomatic vision, the confidentiality of international relations communication and their way to entry to foreign decision makers (Bijola and Jiang 2015). The Governments has to depend on their respective ministers of foreign such a way that can explain the national interest in the best way possible. Negotiation is one of the most important tools in the field of foreign policies. It is considered to be very important and very useful in case of achieving the diplomatic objectives. Diplomatic negotiation processes are very important in case setting up international relations between countries and also between international organizations as well. Among the seven methods, negotiation is the first useful instrument that is used to settle many disputes between countries. In case of international relations between two countries or two organizations, there can be many sensitive issues like conflicts, mismatch of opinions and several other such problems. If these issues are not properly and timely handled then these can also lead to war and consequently it would lead to the disruption of peace. Hence, negotiation appears to be the most important tool in case of solving such disputes. This is because negotiation is a process that starts in a peaceful way by following methods of enquiry, pe rsuasion, arbitration, judicial settlements and several other things. Origin of Digital diplomacy can be traced down to the public diplomacy, which is an important form practicing diplomacy. It is defined from the perspective of, the instruments utilized by the states to have a clear idea of cultures, behavior and attitudes, manage and build relationships, manipulate thoughts and mobilize activities to make their values and interests active. Sotiri 2015has argued that bringing a larger number of public into the equation of diplomacy has enhanced many important stakeholders, who are taking participation in the field of International diplomacy, from the state-to-state interactions to the international non- governmental organizations and international Government organizations. Digital Diplomacy across globe Digital diplomacy is largely based on the usage of internet. In the modern day scenario, the most easy and quick means of sharing information is through the social networking media. As international relations require the sharing of many new polices and business decisions within a very short period of time and across far and distant regions, the social networking media like face book, twitter, blogs often become very handy and useful. Schwarzenbach (2015) noted that the largest transformation Twitter has given the foreign policy the entry to the real information and international engagement irrespective of political status of Nation. The first and foremost foreign ministry to set up dedicated unit of ediplomacy was the United States Department that has given birth to a taskforce on e-diplomacy in the year 2002. It has 160 full time employees engaged in the platform of social media, who are functioning across 25 different offices. The primary reason of creating the Office of eDiplomacy was to overcome the obstacles in knowledge making its contribution to the attacks 11 September and to bring improvements the State Department ability to transmit and share knowledge. After 9/11, the foreign policy of America became quite proactive, keen to penetrate because of the consistent agenda of digital diplomacy (Bijola and Jiang 2015). Other foreign ministers across the globe have started to welcome diplomacy. The UK FCO is having Digital Diplomacy office which is engaged in wider range of activities of ediplomacy. Sweden is also very active in the promotion of digital diplomacy, especially by following the strategy of online communication of the countries minister of foreign affairs Carl Bildt, who became the best connected leader in Twitter. In the year 2008, France has been indicated that the soft power of the country is believed on the digital technologies, while the foreign affairs department of Japan and Poland use a wide and extensive of the networks of social media (Holmes 2015). Furthermore, Germany turned to the platforms of ICT to the crowd source opinion and innovative ideas from the people that have fed into its year 2014 review of foreign policy. Israel is successful in while matching its assaultive traditional diplomacy with one of the important active units in the world of digital diplomacy, which h as worked harder to influence the outcome of US-Iran nuclear deals. A larger number of embassies are now having interactive based websites and accounts in Facebook and increasing ambassadors are actively present in Twitter, though certain accounts of social media are performing better. Some good examples can be Australias High Commission had made an attempt to answer live session of Question and Answer. Hashtags like #innovationXchange have been performed by the Twitter account to promote initiatives and stakeholders in the discussion (Holmes 2015). A report stated that, Twiplomacy in the year 2016 revealed that social media is regarded as an important communication mode for the Governments around the world and Twitter has become one of the important channels for choice to conduct diplomacy. In the continent Asia, in the field of digital, India is leading the way. The country has continued to invest in constructing its online outreach despite the constraints found in resources (Pamment 2016). The country has used Twitter to the excellent effect in order to gear the successful emptying of more than 19000 citizens from India from Libya during the start of civil war, which took place in 2011. India has started experimenting with the various ways in order to link overseas and local audiences through the application of mobile apps, live streaming of any issues or situations and through a responsive presence of social media (Pamment 2016). Critical issues surrounding digital diplomacy Digital diplomacy is not free from any kinds of criticisms. The utilization of social media media in the field of politics has added danger. It has been pointed by the diplomats of United States that Information regarding breaking the international crises that once upon a time took place days or hours for the officials of government has played a good time to the audiences, not only through television and radio, but also over the internet. Ironically enough, for the creators of policy, immediate propagation about the events both near and far has proved to be useful for the audiences (Holmes 2015; Pilegard 2016). In the other words, it can be stated that Digital diplomacy is carrying risks, which includes information leakages, anonymity of internet users and hacking. The most recent example is interference of Russia in the US election in the year 2016. The Government of Russia began its process of hacking through its attempt to infiltrate an election technology of America, which is kno wn by the name VR systems, which is a company based in Florida. The attackers used a technique of spear phishing, sending emails at a personalized level to various employees of the company, trying to trick the employees or manipulating them into entering into a false login Google form. There are both pros and cons of this process of digital diplomacy. As the very name suggests, the process of digital diplomacy is largely based on the usage of social networks which is increasing and changing day by day. Hence, it often becomes a major problem to keep in pace with the ever-changing and the ever-growing world of social networks. On the other hand, one of the last important issues that need to be handled very carefully in case of foreign policies is the issue of hacking. There are many risks that are associated with relying upon the social networking platforms as a tool of foreign diplomacy. Another important issue that needs tom checked is the issue of blackouts and censorship on the media. In other words international relations are mainly carried on between many two or more foreign countries tries and the government or political scenario of different country varies. There are many countries where the media is often subjected to blackouts, which would greatly affect t he process of digital diplomacy. Another risk associated is the information leakage. A good example can be the Wikileaks episode. On 28 November; turmoil was spread among the foreign ministers across the world as the website of Wikileaks started publishing 260,000 diplomatic cables, which were sent between the missions of United States across the world and the Department of State in Washington. The cables incorporated frank based assessments by the diplomats from US, governments and the host nations. Another risk that was very much prevalent right from the time of the invention of internet is hacking. A good example incorporates the case of a hacking attack on Yuli Edelsteins personal website, a Minister from Israel for the Public Diplomacy and Diaspora Affairs. The minister commented on this and stated that nothing will stop him from practicing public diplomacy on behalf of Israel State. He intended to continue to defend the state interests on all fronts of the state including in the internet (Constantinou 2016). Another incident that took place recently is a hacking group known by the name Fancy Bear made an attempt to spy on the artillery unites of Ukraine due to its distribution of application of androids apps used for targeting of weapons. It is still unclear how successful was the effort. However, according to the firm, the android app has the potential to map out the composition of an unit and hierarchy, determine their plans and even their location approximately. The app, which is in question, allowed the military forces of Ukraine to quickly pinpoint their aims and distributed to the units, which are operating the Soviet era towed Howitzer (Constantinou 2016). The hackers from Russia distributed their version of the application on the social media platforms, which are famous among the service members from Ukraine. The troops from Ukraine operating the D-30 suffered above the rates of average casualty and according to Crowdstrike, that this might have taken place because of being tracked by a malicious natured application (Constantinou 2016). Another obstacle of this diplomacy is the anonymitys culture which states that anyone can work on the adoption of any persona, attack and addresses anyone. Any person can imitate pretends to be someone else or best described as an imposter, who is active to cause mischief. Interestingly, as well, even the advocates of digital diplomacy and committed several mistakes in the different uses (Constantinou 2016). For example, the day before the world economic forum this took place in Davos, the foreign minister from Sweden, Carl Bildt, posted a politically incorrect tweet Leaving Stockholm and heading for Davos. Looking forward to World Food Program dinner tonight. Global hunger is an urgent issue! #davos. The Twitter users immediately have banned the ministers post on twitter and LSO banned it from being viewed by the rest of the public (Constantinou 2016). Advantages of Digital diplomacy In todays world, the use of digital diplomacy is important. The word is framed in such a way that both non- state and states waged in the field of competition with each other, but online. This online space now help more than 2.5 billion users, most of the users can only access the internet through their cellphone. However, if the digital diplomacy is used properly, the diplomacy is persuasively supplementing the old diplomacy that can provide help to the country in its foreign policy goals, extend the global reach and influence the people who would never set their foot in any of the embassies of the world. According to Fisher (2013), the advantages of using social media provide opportunities in order to reach out to the citizens of the other nations in the real time. The platforms of social media provide spaces for the purpose of interaction, enhances engagement and thus accelerating the objectives of diplomacy. The social media can be accessed with the potential ease because of the low cost comparing to the other methods, which have made it an attractive tool for many embassies, government offices, which are witnessing cut in the budgets and the demand to increase the potentiality of engagement. There are many platforms, which allow the utilization of dynamic contents such as photos, videos than the accidental procedures of delivering lectures or giving out pamphlets. Along with this, social media act as important channels while trying to reach out the young populations, which is now a major aim of the efforts of public diplomacy (Live 2016). Digital technologies can be made useful in the information field, processing, collection, in the zone of actions of consulate and for the purpose of communications, during disasters and emergencies. The global practices presented that skillful utilization of this diplomatic tools can bring forth the bigger dividends to the investors. To top it, always, digital diplomacy does not require any monetary investments (Melissen and Caesar 2016). On the contrary, the diplomacy has aimed to reduce its costs. The human factors involve the need for the employees to grow and develop and also master the skill of using the new technologies and spending a part of their time while working with the targeted audiences in Internet. Much of the Foreign ministers work across the world is continuing to be controlled through the ordinary processes of diplomacy, instructions given to the foreign embassies, negotiations and meetings (Cooper 2016). Thus, digital diplomacy would not be substitute the classical diplomacy, only if this diplomacy is being properly controlled with skills, this particular instrument can strengthen the functioning of the state in the international relations and foreign policy much faster and make it a cost effective. Conclusion Therefore it can be concluded that the present day scenario has been largely influenced by the Internet and its uses. The social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook look forward for different missions with straight access to the citizens outside and inside of the nations. The developments and innovations in ICT resulted in the handling of the information, which gets generated everywhere, rendering the information disseminate, far and wide, allowing the common people to work upon and make their own judgments, expressing their feelings,concerns and even leave an impact on the makers of policy. Consequently, the process followed by the government for waging interaction, which would reach faster in other parts of the world. The diplomacy brings challenges and opportunities. On one hand, the social media is updating country with the information to bring solutions to the problems and on the other hand, it has been misused for the self-purpose. It is needless to say that digital diplo macy is a new kind of diplomacy and it is impacting the foreign policy by directly linking with the public diplomacy. References Bjola, C. and Holmes, M., 2015.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice. Routledge. Bjola, C. and Jiang, L., 2015. Social media and public diplomacy: a comparative analysis of the digital diplomatic strategies of the EU, US and Japan in China.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, ed. Corneliu Bkola, and Marcus Holmes, pp.71-88. Constantinou, C., 2016. Everyday diplomacy: mission, spectacle and the remaking of diplomatic culture.Diplomatic Cultures and International Politics: Translations, Spaces and Alternatives, pp.23-40. Cooper, A.F., 2016. The changing nature of diplomacy.Roultege Fisher, A. 2013. The use of social media in public diplomacy: Scanning E-diplomacy by embassies in Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://takefiveblog.org/2013/02/19/ the-use-of-social-media-in-public-diplomacy-scanning-ediplomacy-by-embassies-in-washington-dc/ on 17-11-2017 Gilboa, E., 2016. Digital diplomacy.The SAGE Handbook of Diplomacy, pp.540-551 Hanson, F. 2012, October 25. Baked in and wired: eDiplomacy@State, Foreign Policy Paper Series no 30 (pp. 141), Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Holmes, M., 2015. Digital Diplomacy and International Change Management.Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice,13. Holmes, M., 2015. The future of digital diplomacy.Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice, pp.199-206. Lewis, D. 2014. Digital diplomacy. Retrieved from https://www. gatewayhouse.in/digital-diplomacy-2/ Live, D., 2016. Digital Diplomacy Review Ranking 2016. Retrieved April 23, 2016. Manor, I., Segev, C. 2015. Americas selfie: How the US portrays itself on its social media accounts. In C. Bjola M. Holmes (Eds.), Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice (pp. 89108). New York, NY: Routledge Melissen, J. and Caesar-Gordon, M., 2016. Digital diplomacy and the securing of nationals in a citizen-centric world.Global Affairs,2(3), pp.321-330. Pamment, J., 2016. Digital diplomacy as transmedia engagement: Aligning theories of participatory culture with international advocacy campaigns.new media society,18(9), pp.2046-2062. Pilegaard, J., 2016. Virtually Virtual? The New Frontiers of Diplomacy. Schwarzenbach, B. 2015. Twitter and diplomacy: How social media revolutionizes interaction with foreign policy. Retrieved from https://thediplomaticenvoy.com/2015/10/12/ twitter-and-diplomacy-how-social-media-revolutionizesour-interaction-with-foreign-policy/ Sotiriu, S. 2015. Digital diplomacy: Between promises and reality. In C. Bjola M. Holmes (Eds.), Digital diplomacy: Theory and practice (pp. 3351). New York, NY: Routledge.

Circular Motion Practical Essay Example

Circular Motion Practical Paper The graphs show that there is a positive correlation between force applied and speed of rotation, as well as a positive correlation between radius and speed. Both of this satisfies the centripetal acceleration formula a=v^2/R  For test 1, force is being increased and mass is constant, thus the acceleration will increase base on Newtons second law F=ma. Since the radius is kept constant, as acceleration increases, v^2 should increase, and so will v. Therefore it is true that a positive correlation occurs between the force applied and the speed. But us we can see from the graph, the line thus not go through the origin, suggesting that they are not directly proportional. For test 2, force and mass is kept constant, therefore acceleration would stay the same base on Newtons second law F=ma. Hence as the radius is increasing, v^2 should increase and so will v. This supports the experimental results which show that there is a positive correlation between radius and speed. Yet they are not directly proportional as the line do not cut through the origin.  Yet for both graphs the line should cut through the origin. For test one instead of cutting through the origin, the line has a y-intercept of around 1.3.This is obviously ridiculous as it is suggesting that when there is the force is 0N, the object will is rotation at 1.3ms^-1, and thus accelerating constantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Circular Motion Practical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Circular Motion Practical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Circular Motion Practical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is obviously impossible as an object cannot accelerate without force applied. It is obviously that there are errors in this experiment that cause this problem. Indeed there are several systematic and random error. The main systematic error is neglecting the effect of frictional force on the moving object. The random error being simply human reflexes, which can have significant variations. These errors will be further explained in the Evaluating procedures section. Evaluating Procedures  There are a number of errors in this experiment which needs to be addressed.  The first error is to neglect the frictional force on the moving object. This is a systematic error as it affects every measurement the same way and thus creating a constant deviation from the real values. The frictional force would slow down the object, making the speed slower than it should be (in a frictionless world), causing the speed to be lower than the accept value. Another main error that affects the result of this experiment is human reflex. A human reflex is a type of random error, as it could vary a lot from one measurement to another. Yet one can still say the human reflex is also a systematic error, and it does affect every measurement, it is just the magnitude of the effect that is different. Now let examine how the affect of human reflex can enlarge the difference in values as the speed increases (time decreases). Let use test 1 as example. Test 1 states that the radius remains constant for all measurements (which means the length in which the object circulars remain the same. Thus as the force increases (leads to an increase in acceleration), the time decreases. Lets take the 2 extreme cases, 4.87 sec and 2.52 sec. lets assume that the experiment as an 0.1 sec of reflex time, that is, the experiment will push the stop button 0.1 sec after the object stops moving. Now lets calculate the percentage of human reflex in these 2 measurements. The results are 0.1/1.14=2.05% and 0.1/0.64=3.97%. This shows that the human reflex accounts for a larger portion of the recorded time as the length of the time is shortened (ie, faster speed). This is how the human reflex error can have a larger effect when the acceleration is faster, thus deviating the value from the true value. The human reflex error can cause another problem for in this experiment. Lets take a look at the last test in test 1. The average time over 10 rotations is 2.52 seconds, an average of 0.252 seconds per a rotation. 0.252 seconds is an extremely short time span, and humans might not be able to react in such a fast time, making the object rotate more than it should be.  Due to the influence of the systematic and random errors above, the accuracy and precision of this experiment are still relatively low. Even though the data are not very accurate and prise, there are ways to improve it, which would be discussed in the next section. A few of variables are controlled during the course of the experiment to make this a fair test. In test 1, the radius in which the object rotates, the mass of the object are kept constant. Whilst in test 2, the force applied and the mass of the object are kept constant.  Improving the Investigation  A number of weaknesses have been identified in the previous section. Lets examine and see what could have been done to minimus the effect of these errors and thus improve the both accuracy precision of the data. The first weakness is ignoring the effect of friction on the rotating object. The most obvious way to solve this problem is to take into account of the friction in the calculation, and thus calculate all the frictional force acting on the body. Yet this method is indeed not very practical, as it is extremely difficult (at least for us student) to measure all the fictional. Even if we managed to measure all these fictions it would still be too trivial to calculate and thus have the risk of making arithmetic errors. So maybe the most practical way to solve this problem is just assign an overall estimate of the frictional force, this could minimus the error (better than when friction is not taken into account), and hence hopefully improve the accuracy of the data. The second major weakness in this experiment is the human reflex problem, which causes the result to deviate away from the true value. A practical solution would be to increase the radius of rotation and the mass object. Why? As we see from above sections, the reaction time has a larger effect well the time frame is smaller. By increase the radius and mass, the time in which the object travels is lengthened, and thus minimus the effect of human reflex in the data. There is another minor problem with the stop watch, we have pre-knowledge of the result of the experiment (ie, in test 1 I know according the Newtons second law, the time should decrease). This would tend to make the experimenter to manipulate the results, and unconsciously press the stop button faster, thus making the measurements fairly inaccurate. This problem is hard to solve and the only solution is to have an electric sensor.  The small range of data is also a minor problem in this experiment, especially at the timing aspect. 3.24s and 3.64 is so small that humans dont actually feel the difference, thus making the measurements very inaccurate, and thus it is advisable to increase the range of the data.

6 Boundaries You Need to Protect at Work

6 Boundaries You Need to Protect at Work The pressure seems to be up these days, in almost every field. The workdays are longer, the weekends start to disappear. You might tell yourself you leave it at your desk, but then find yourself checking work emails on your phone at midnight before you fall asleep. Or worse, plugging in during vacation, when you’re supposed to be a million miles away from your job. But this kind of prolonged stress can actually be bad for both your health and your job performance. It is important to establish boundaries between the personal and the professional, to keep both parts of our lives healthy and productive.There are some things you simply do not owe to your employer. Here are 6 of them:1. Your HealthYour health is yours and only yours and only you can keep it up. It’s on you if the stress buildup happens so gradually that you don’t notice the effects of lack of sleep and hunching in your chair and not exercising or eating right. Before you turn into the office zombie, m ake sure to set up a routine that works for you. And make sure it includes work/life balance, mental space, rest time, and exercise. Once you make your plan, don’t let that one extra email from your boss derail it. Stick to your guns.2. Your FamilyWe all want to work harder to be able to support our families- make that little extra bit of money and push that little bit  further. But it can be easy to lose sight of how much you have to sacrifice to bring that extra home. Make sure you’re not sacrificing time. At the end of your life, you won’t regret not having that $8k raise. But you might regret not being home for dinner with your kids.3. Your SanityNo one can monitor this but you. And no boss should chip into your supply. Figure out what keeps you sane and balanced (hint: it’s probably your life outside of work) and make sure to claim both time and space for that. Know when it’s more productive to say no to a request, knowing you’ll work much better and harder if you’re relaxed and recharged and can tackle things afresh.4. Your IdentityWho you are is immensely important. What you do is only part of it- a big part, admittedly, but not everything. Keep in mind the things that are most important to you. Stay true to your values and maintain your integrity. This helps you keep your eye on the bigger picture in times of major stress at work.5. Your Professional ContactsYou owe your employer a lot. But your contacts from over the course of your career are yours. You can- and often should- share them with your company, but they are yours first and foremost and you must work to maintain them.6. Your IntegrityKeep your actions and beliefs in alignment, or you will feel horribly stressed and uncomfortable with the results. This is part of keeping the other five in check. Stay true to who you are and what you need and what you believe in. Act according to the best of yourself. If a boss asks you to compromise this, it might be time to find another boss.Remember: never underestimate the power of setting good boundaries.

Briefly outline the causes and effects of famine in developing Essay - 1

Briefly outline the causes and effects of famine in developing countries - Essay Example It provides equal opportunities to all to live their lives to the fullest extent, but at the same time natural disasters and other vagaries of nature try to snuff out the very same life. In this essay we shall confine ourselves to how famines affect human civilization, what are the reasons of famine and how could we control them. The occurrence of famines in the developing countries of this world and the reasons thereof will be studied with analysis of the current research available on the topic. Man has harnessed the resources available on Earth to fulfil his basic needs by the use of science and technology. The foremost basic need is that of food and water without which life is impossible. Historically man was a nomadic animal who travelled from place to place in search of palatable food until his ingenuity led him to the practice of growing food which ultimately resulted in the modern practice of agriculture. However primitive agriculture was not sufficient to meet the needs of all mankind. Social peculiarities, cultural influences and the topography of the land masses influenced the practice of agriculture and it was not until the twentieth century that modern and scientific agriculture became a reality. This development was however only in the prosperous and developed countries of the world while the other regions are still struggling to meet their food requirements. Famines or acute shortage of food has therefore occurred with alarming regularity in the underdeveloped and the developing countries of the world. Cox G.W. (1981) defines famine as â€Å"the regional failure of food production or distribution systems leading to sharply increased mortality due to starvation and associated diseases.† Food production in most of the world is dependent on the availability of fertile land mostly near the major rivers as water is an integral necessity for good agriculture. Other regions depend on rainfall to meet their irrigation

PROJECT 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROJECT 3 - Essay Example Practical mode of action research allows the researcher and the practitioner to communally merge so as to identify the actual potential problems. While working in a single unit, they are able to find out the underlying causes and to formulate possible solutions and stratagems (Newton and Burgess, 2008). According to Blaxter, Tight and Hughes (2010), mutual understanding is usually sought in practical action research, while the main goal is set to understanding practice and finding solutions to problems at hand. Practical mode of action research is known to adopt a non-positivist, ductile and a pliable technique to change. This kind of action research is commonly used in the field of education and other arenas, such as practitioner and human service development. Practical action research can therefore be summarized as an essential, a spot on and an immediate procedure that is specifically designed to tackle a concrete problem and provide a reliable solution. Other modes of action research tend to singularly identify a problem and tackle it in isolation, divorcing it from other contexts. One key feature or component of practical action research is the variation of knowledge that can be obtained while seeking solution to the problem. There are three main conditions which must be satisfied for a condition to be regarded as a critical, practical action research. The three conditions are individually essential and jointly competent in meeting practical action research requirements. The three are: 1. The project must involve the people responsible for the problem at hand at all moments of the activity. This aspect enables the project to widen the participation borders to gradually include any other parties that might have been affected by the problem at hand. The collaborative nature and control of the project must also be maintained. 3. The project must pass through, and successfully meet all the requirements of planning,