Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Infection

Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is the small period of time after a person has been exposed to HIV and before they have seroconverted. Seroconversion is the process in which the body starts to create antibodies to fight the HIV virus (Pietrangelo, 2013). During this period of time, which is usually a few days, the virus replicates rapidly. The rapid replication results in extremely high amounts of HIV in the blood because the body has not had time to respond to the infection. As the viral load increases more CD4 white cells are destroyed. CD4 cells are a responsible in protecting the body from infection. When these cells are destroyed they no longer are able to adequately activate the body s immune system. (AIDS.GOV).†¦show more content†¦Signs/symptoms of Acute HIV Infection Including HP Not all patients with HIV will have signs or symptoms during the acute infection phase. If a patient is having symptoms they can often times think that they have the flu. Acute HIV infection symptoms can show up 2-4 weeks after exposure and last from a few days to several weeks (Cherney, 2014). If they are exhibiting symptoms they may present as having a fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin rashes, myalgia, diarrhea, oral ulcers or thrush, and fatigue. Lab results may also show leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or an elevation in transaminase (DHHS, 2015). Differential diagnoses include the flu or Epstein- Barr Virus since these also present with similar symptoms. A thorough health history must be taken with patients before an exam in order to identify risk behavior. Important things to ask about are sexual history, partners and possible exposures, any drug use (especially intravenously), and any current STI’s (HRSA, 2014). Upon physical exam things to look for or may see with an acute HIV infection would be ecchymosis, purpura, petechiae, Kaposi sarcoma, lymphadenopathy, oral candidiasis, or hepatosplenomegaly (Aberg et al., 2014). Cultural Implications The numbers of new HIV infections per year has remained relatively the same since the 1990’s (CDC, 2015). Out of

Essay on King Hammurabi’s Efforts to Unify Mesopotamia

During this era, ancient Mesopotamia was under the rule of theocratic monarchies. It was believed that the sole ruler was governing specifically for the gods and catering to their wishes. Mesopotamians were polytheistic, or worshippers of multiple gods, and extremely devout in their faith. They believed that the gods determined all situations and occurrences. As a ruler, King Hammurabi found Mesopotamia to be tremendously divided. At the time of his rule, Mesopotamia was dissected into separate city-states that were often feuding. The creation of King Hammurabi’s code of laws was a means to provide unification for all of the people of Mesopotamia. It was King Hammurabi’s hope that a central system of laws would bind the separate†¦show more content†¦This can be seen with law 200, which stipulates that if one is to knock out the teeth of someone in equal social class status, the same will be done to him. This law also demonstrates the immense importance that was placed on social class. The judiciary system deemed punishments based on the offender and victim’s social classes. This can be seen with laws 197, 198, and 199. Although the crime is the same in all these three laws, breaking someone’s bones or damaging his eyes, the punishment is drastically reduced with decreasing social class of the victim. The subject matter of the laws clearly signify the importance that ancient Mesopotamian society placed upon agriculture. Law 53 notes that if a man’s dam is faulty and breaks and then subsequently floods the surrounding fields, he is at fault. As punishment, the man’s dam will be sold to pay for the damage. Law 53 elaborates on this law, noting that if the man can not replace the damaged grain of the surrounding fields, his possessions will be equally divided between those whose crops have been damaged in the wake of his error. These laws are quite strict in their punishment, noting the vitality that agriculture was to an average Mesopotamian’s wellbeing and livelihood. King Hammurabi’s laws were also quite personal. The laws delvedShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages1 The Birth of Civilization Mohenjo-Daro Figure. Scholars believe this limestone statue from about 2500 B.C.E. depicts a king or a priest from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus valley in present-day Pakistan. Does this figure seem to emphasize the features of a particular person or the attributes of a particular role? Hear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a defining

Transducers Used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine. free essay sample

Abstract Ultrasound imaging depends on the ability of piezoelectric crystals to generate sound when excited with alternating current and the reverse effect of charge accumulation or current flow when such crystals are subjected to pressure from sound waves. The first known ultrasound imaging machine was designed by K. T. Dussik in Australia in 1937. However, despite its widespread acceptance today, medical ultrasound did not develop as rapidly as X-ray imaging. Despite the relatively slow start, medical ultrasound imaging is very widely accepted today because there is no ionising radiation involved and hence the procedure is relatively safe. Ultrasound equipment is also cheaper as compared to X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI and other techniques associated with nuclear medicine. The procedure involves minimal patient discomfort and is very useful for examining the soft tissues or the developing foetus. A dramatic increase in the number of older patients with chronic heart and valve disease has resulted in a prolific demand for the ultrasound cardiac imaging machines which can satisfy the requirements associated with fast and cost effective measurement of cardiac anatomy or function. We will write a custom essay sample on Transducers Used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine. or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the critical elements in the medical ultrasound imaging system is the ultrasound transducer without which signal processing and visualisation of the soft tissue images is impossible. Although many naturally occurring substances such as quartz exhibit the piezoelectric effect, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic ferroelectric materials have for many years been used for biomedical applications because of their superior characteristics for soft tissue imaging. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), transducer material has demonstrated advantages as a high frequency receiver. Single or multilayer transducers made of these elements can be used for ultrasound imaging as single transducers operating in A-mode or a two or three dimensional transducer array for B-mode, C-mode or M-mode ultrasound imaging. This brief essay takes a look at transducers for medical ultrasound. Introduction The principle of operation of a cardiac ultrasound imaging device is based on the information that is provided by the varying delay times of echoes that are reflected from various depths of the human body tissue as a result of the ultrasound pulses that are generated by an ultrasound transducer being incident on the body tissue. Delay times of echoes from different depths are different and ultrasound is reflected from the interface of different types of tissues. A Doppler shift in frequency is also generated as a result of moving objects and the attenuation of ultrasound waves depends on the type of tissue that the ultrasound wave is travelling through. The ultrasound transducer which is responsible for the generation and detection of reflected ultrasound is, therefore, an essential component of the ultrasound imaging device. Ultrasound transducers work on the basis of the piezoelectric effect in which an alternating voltage applied to piezoelectric crystal material causes the crystals to become electrically polarised as a result of the applied electric field and hence vibrate with the alternating voltage to produce sound. Such crystals also become electrically polarised when stress is applied to them and hence any sound waves which are incident on them result in charge accumulation on the crystal surface and hence the generation of an alternating voltage. Thus, an ultrasound transducer consists of a suitable piezoelectric material sandwiched between electrodes that are used to provide a fluctuating electric field when the transducer is required to generate ultrasound. When the transducer is required to detect ultrasound, the electrodes may be used to detect any fluctuating voltages produced as a result of the polarisation of the crystals of the piezoelectric material in response to incident sound which generates fluctuating mechanical stresses on the material. Piezoelectric materials include quartz, ferroelectric crystals such as tourmaline and Rochelle salt as well as the group of materials known as the piezoelectric ceramics, which include lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3). These materials are also known as piezoelectric ceramics which are used in ultrasound transducers for biomedical applications. Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is another transducer material which has demonstrated advantages as a high frequency receiver. Piezoelectric ceramics are sold with the brand name PXE by Philips Company and are solid solutions of lead titanate (PbTiO3), and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) which have been modified by additives which are a group of piezoelectric ceramics known as PZT. PXE materials are hard, chemically inert and unaffected by a humid environment. The crystals in a ferroelectric material of which PXE is made up of align themselves randomly in a number of directions. With such a random orientation of crystals, the material will exhibit no piezoelectric effect. In order to have a piezoelectric material which is capable of being used for ultrasound transducers, the material has to be subjected to a strong electric field at high temperatures. This has the effect of permanently locking the crystals in the direction of the applied electric field and making the crystal piezoelectric in the direction of the electric field. Hence, a piezoelectric ceramic material may be converted into a piezoelectric material in any given direction by applying a strong electric field to the material in the given direction at an elevated temperature. This treatment, which is known as poling, is the final stage in the manufacture of a PXE piezoelectric. Metal electrodes perpendicular to the poling axis are deposited on the material so that an alternating electric field may be applied to generate ultrasound or ultrasound vibrations may be sensed by sensing the electric field across the piezoelectric material. The voltage across a piezoelectric ceramic PXE material is usually directly proportional to the applied stress. The construction of a simple, single element piezoelectric transducer is as shown below. The Construction of a Single Element Piezoelectric Transducer Ultrasound imaging in the A-mode directs a narrow beam of ultrasound into the tissue being scanned and the echo which may be displayed on a CRT screen provides a measure of the distance between reflecting surfaces in the body. In the B-scan mode, the echo signal is brightness modulated which makes it possible for information related to tissue depth to be displayed on the screen in a visually effective manner. An ultrasound transducer array operating in B-mode permits a picture of the tissues within a patient’s body to be displayed on a CRT device. M-mode ultrasound imaging presents tissue movement by scanning an A or B – line on a monitor as a function of time and movements in this line indicate movements in the tissues within the body. In C-mode ultrasound imaging a second transducer is used to detect echoes sent out by the first transducer, presenting a 2-D map of the ultrasound attenuation within tissues. Having discussed the principles of operation of a piezoelectric medical ultrasound transducer, it is now appropriate to consider the practical problems associated with the construction of such transducers. This is done below. The Design of Ultrasound Transducers A transducer which is constructed out of piezoelectric material will have a natural frequency of resonance and it is appropriate that the transducer should be excited with alternating electric field which matches the natural resonant frequency of oscillation of the material. The ultrasound frequencies that are used in medical imaging applications range from 1 MHz to 15 MHz and echocardiography is usually performed at frequencies of 2. 5 MHz. Hence, transducers which are used for ultrasound imaging have to be tuned for different frequencies. For a transducer material in which ultrasound waves travel at the speed c, with a resonant frequency f, the thickness of the material is related by the formula f=c/2d. Hence, it is possible to tune various transducers constructed of the same material to different frequencies by adjusting the thickness of the material. The ultrasound transducer can be excited by a continuous wave, a pulsed wave, or a single voltage pulse depending on the requirements for observing a continuous image, echo ranging or other tissue measurements. The rear face of the piezoelectric crystal material is usually supported by a backing material which is tungsten loaded araldite, so that the vibrations in the piezoelectric material are rapidly damped after the initial excitation. It is important to couple the piezoelectric transducer to the body of a patient so that the incident ultrasound energy can be effectively transmitted into the body tissue that is being scanned. In order to do this, matching layers of suitable acoustic material are used along with a gel which makes it possible for the ultrasound waves to penetrate the tissue more efficiently. As far as possible, the characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue being scanned is matched with the acoustic impedance of the transducer. The characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue is defined as: In the formula, c is the speed of ultrasound in human tissue which is about 1540 m/sec with a variation of +/- 6% and is the tissue density. K is the bulk elastic modulus of the tissue being scanned. The acoustic parameters of an ultrasound transducer include its nominal frequency, the peak frequency which is the highest frequency response measured from the frequency spectrum, the bandwidth of the transducer which is the difference between the highest and the lowest – 6 dB level in the frequency spectrum, the pulse width response time of the transducer, which is the time duration of the time domain envelope which is 20 dB above the rising and decaying cycles of a transducer response, the loop sensitivity for a medium on which a test is performed which is characterised by: Here, Vo is the excitation pulse voltage in volts, while Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer. The signal to noise ratio for a biomedical ultrasound transducer is also an important parameter for an ultrasound transducer and this is defined as: In the above expression, Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer in volts in response to a specified tone burst or pulse and Vn is the noise floor in volts. The signal to noise ratio for an ultrasound transducer is a measure of the noise associated with the transducer, measuring instrument or cables and this is a good measure of how sensitive a transducer is. In addition to the previously mentioned parameters, geometrical parameters for a transducer describe how the acoustic pressure generated by a transducer varies across the axial and cross-sectional fields of a transducer. These variations are illustrated below: Axial Beam Profile for an Ultrasound Transducer Cross – Sectional Beam Profile for an Ultrasound Transducer he detailed construction of an ultrasound transducer for medical applications involving the shaping of the piezoelectric material, matching layers, housing and backing materials etc is presently conducted using computational techniques such as Finite Element Modelling of ultrasound transducers through the use of software packages such as Ultrasim and other commercially available software. In the overall design, efforts have to be made to ensure that the overall design will be optimised so as to deliver a sufficiently high power of ultrasound into the tissue being imaged and as far as possible there is best possible sound impedance matching between the transducer and the scanned tissue. Design of the backing material in an ultrasound transducer is important because this design determines the ring down time of the transducer, which is critical for low noise and optimal axial resolution of the transducer. Trends in Transducer Design for Echocardiography Order Now. It takes less than 2 minutes. * Name * Email * Phone * Submit your essay question: (please give as much detail as possible) Only the simplest equipment for echocardiography will use a single ultrasound transducer and there is a trend towards design of echocardiography equipment which uses two or even three dimensional arrays of ultrasound transducers to provide superior quality 2 –D or 3-D computer generated pictures of the organ being imaged. Even the relatively simpler equipment being used these days has two or more ultrasound transducers fitted into the transducer probe. The array of transducers are capable of generating a shaped beam of ultrasound which can be appropriately focused using electronic digital signal processing techniques to provide better images and resolution. Although the relatively simple medical ultrasound scanners cost about ? 1000 per piece, reasonably decent transducer assemblies for a decent Philips or Toshiba ultrasound machines can cost ? 1500 for the transducer alone. Transducer arrays for two or three dimensional ultrasound imaging equipment can be much more expensive because of the large number of transducers that are employed in such imaging equipment. For better quality ultrasonic imaging to be possible, there is a requirement for enhanced bandwidth transducers, higher frequency transducer arrays and sophisticated digital signal processing circuits. There is also a trend towards transducer miniaturisation which will make intracavitary, intraurethral, or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) investigation possible. The current imaging frequency range of 1 MHz to 15 MHz is expected to be increased to 20 MHz to 100 MHz and at these frequencies, microsonography devices using miniature ultrasound transducers with higher sensitivities are expected to provide much better and higher resolution images using catheter based transducers which are less then 2mm in diameter and are capable of being placed in veins. New ultrasound transducer materials are likely to provide transducers which are far more sensitive then those available presently and consume lower power. These transducers can be operated from battery powered portable equipment and there are indications in literature that with the availability of such devices, it is likely that the stethoscope will be replaced by miniature ultrasound equipment. New trends in ultrasound transducer construction are also moving towards composite transducer construction in which a composite of two piezoelectric materials is used to design the transducer. Ultrasound transducers are fairly rugged and the piezoelectric material does not loose its properties unless exposed to high temperatures approaching the Curie temperature for the material are reached or there are strong alternating or direct electrical fields opposing the direction of poling for the material. Mechanical stresses imposed on the piezoelectric materials should not exceed the specified limits and although the specified limits vary for different types of materials, mechanical stress in excess of 2. 5 MPa may be considered as likely to cause permanent damage. Ultrasound transducers are capable of being designed to operate in liquid mediums and the piezoelectric material does not react with water or gel. Conclusion Materials with piezoelectric properties such as lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) lend themselves to being treated by poling to generate as well as detect ultrasound waves when subjected to alternating electric fields or mechanical stresses. Ultrasound transducers can be made out of these materials and these transducers can be designed for specified resonance frequencies for use in medical imaging. The detailed design of such transducers is an exciting and involving undertaking which is capable of being assisted by finite element simulations. Advances in transducer design involving the use of new materials, miniaturisation and the use of arrays of transducers promises to revolutionise medical imaging in the future by providing high resolution 3-D ultrasound images and the field is full of promise for device designers as well as computer engineers of the future. References/ Bibliography Web Sources 1. Abboud, Najib N et al. â€Å"Finite Element Modelling for Ultrasonic Transducers†. Weidlinger Associates Inc. SPIE Int. Symp. Medical Imaging 1998, San Diego, Feb 21-27, 1998. August 4, 2005. http://www. wai. com/AppliedScience/Software/Pzflex/Papers/pzflex-spie_mi98. pdf 2. Binder, T. â€Å"Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Principles and Promises†. Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 2002; 5 (Issue 2), 149-152. August 4, 2005. http://www. kup. at/kup/pdf/1137. df 3. Brandt, Einar. â€Å"Segmentation Techniques for Echocardiographic Image Sequences†. University of Linkopings. 1998. August 4, 2005. http://www. imv. liu. se/klinfys/einar/publications/pdf_open/Ex1934. pdf 4. Bridal, Lori S et al. â€Å"Milestones on the Road to Higher Resolution, Quantitative, and Functional Ultrasonic Imaging†. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 91, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003. August 6, 2005. http://dei-s1. dei. uminho. pt/outraslic/lebiom/ultra/ultrasonic0123219 2. pdf

Never let me go book report free essay sample

Never let me go by Kazuo Ishiguro is about a group of human clones in a dystopian society raised only to become organ donors. The plot creates controversy. In the book, the clones are presented as sub-human and not permitted to be considered as equal to regular humans. Thus, it becomes acceptable for them to die a short life in order for others to live a longer one. It is here where we become aware of one theme, the poor treatment of those we believe to be beneath us in order to get ahead in the world. Another theme we can find in the book is that of conformity. We find that many times the characters seem accept their fate, without really putting up much of a struggle. They all seem to accept their fate as donors and the inevitability of their demise at 30 years old. This is especially present in today’s society, as many people would rather be seen as normal than abnormal and subsequently sticking to the status quo. We will write a custom essay sample on Never let me go book report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My favorite theme in the novel and the one I will be expanding on is the identity crisis the main characters and mostly the clones have throughout the book. This part of the novel I feel really relates to the real world and how a lot of individuals struggle to become their own person. Often looking in other places to blend into their personalities. These themes become coherent through Kathy’s eyes. As the main protagonist of the book, never actually becoming permanently attached to the situation many times only describing her observations and analysis of it. Then moving on to the next phase in her life. This theme resonates within me, since I have gone through the same identity crisis at some point of my life and often forget who I am in some circumstances. I also feel that the most part of the world has also experienced this. This does not only pertain to individuals, but can also be applied to countries as well. The main theme I’d like to discuss is the identity crisis experienced by many characters within the book. Kathys identity search is motivated by feelings of being alone in her own outlook. The sexual desires she experiences as young women upset her when she can not get validation from Ruth, another main character in the novel, that they are common. Ruth, seen as a social leader in the group, shows confidence but is in fact insecure of who she really is. Through Kathy’s eyes we perceive how Ruth often copies  her mannerism from older clones and television characters. Ruth relies much on others to define her own identity. Even Tommy, who acknowledges who he is, but has trouble believing it since he thinks others do not think the same. There are many passages in the book that implies this theme. Ruth states on page 120-121 in last paragraph, â€Å"There was something I noticed about these veteran couples at the cottages†¦ and this was how so many of their mannerisms were copied from the television†¦ the way they gestured to each other, sat together on sofas, even the way they argued and stormed out of rooms. † Even other characters notice this and try to fix the status quo. Miss Lucy, a guardian for the clones, tells them on page 80, â€Å"If you’re to live decent lives, you have to know who you are and what lies ahead of you, every one of you. † The first quote shows how people that do not know who they are and are hard press to find a way to individualize themselves may look to outside sources. The characters are in search of what makes them different from other clones and even the person they are cloned from. They hope to find a reason for their existence, much like citizens in the real world do. Countries also do this in a way. It could be by individual motivation or external influence. Smaller 3rd World Countries will try to model themselves after 1st world Countries believing they will share in the same success. This causes an identity crisis for their country. They have their own culture that separates them from the rest, but yet modeling themselves like another could alter the culture and lead to a lost in identity. This type of phenomena has happen in the past and could happen again. This topic brings up many questions in my mind. How the larger 1st world country influences the identity of a 3rd world country? I feel if the more powerful country really wanted too, they could have the 3rd world country model themselves after the 1st world. Which I think is what often happens, so they can more influence in structure of the world. How does one create their own identity is another question I would ask. If allowed to without any outside influences, what identity would a person or a country take on? I’d like to comprehend what having an identity really means.

The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essays

The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essays The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essay The Development Of Mass Tourism Mallorca Tourism Essay Essay Balearic Islands with entire country of 5,014 kilometers consist of four islands which are 2 by Formentera, 11 by Eivissa, 14 by Menorca and 73 by Mallorca ( Bull 1997, 140 ) . Mallorca is the largest island of the Balearic archipelago with 555km of the entire seashore length of the island ( Garcia and Servera 2003, 288 ) which covered for about three quarters of the land with about 3640 kmA? in Balearic Island. The clime of Mallorca is typically Mediterranean with moderate mean temperatures. During the summer, the prohibitionist and warm season takes topographic point. The mean one-year rainfalls are 625 millimeters, with mean temperature 16AÂ °C and 17AÂ °C except in the high mountain ( Guijarro 1986 ) . With its favourable clime, extended coastline and beautiful beaches it have lured visitants coming over for many centuries. In 1950s the development of touristry progressively creates an chance to the local in bring forthing extra occupations and income. On the other side it has resulted in a big flux of immigrants from Iberian Peninsula to Mallorca. At the same clip when the touristry industry developed, the local economic system became dependent on this beginning of gross. Consequently, in 1955 there is 30 of the population was working for the sector nevertheless in 1996 it was about 76 ( Garcia and Servera 2003, 288 ) . The development of Mass Tourism ( Mallorca ) Definition of Mass touristry Burkart and Medlik ( 1974, 42 ) states Mass touristry is basically a quantitative impression, based on the proportion of the population take parting in touristry or on the volume of tourer activity . However, in the context of Bramwell ( 2004 ) associate it to tourism industry s large-scale reproduction of standardised vacation bundles uniting adjustment and conveyance to provide big Numberss of people from diverse societal groups. Basically both definitions have pointed out the cardinal component of mass touristry that is all about big volume and big graduated table of reproduction production with local engagement engagement to provide huge Numberss of visitants. Since 1950s touristry in Mallorca has closely aligned with a standard mass vacation bundle aimed at a really price-sensitive of European tourer ( Aguilo et al. 2005, 221 ) . Having such characteristic of the clime, Sun and beach is absolutely match with the mass tourer who in hunt of hot conditions and sunburn within the model of a stiffly packaged vacation. Butler s life rhythm of Mallorca Exploration A ; involvement stage-1930s The pantryman s lifecycle theoretical account ( 1980 ) , describes a tourer finish from the geographic expedition to development up to stagnancy and diminution stages can be best apply in the finish of Mallorca from the growing phase to post-stagnation phase. In the period of geographic expedition and engagement phases tourism takes topographic point in Mallorca act simply as an instrument for exciting cultural and rational activity ( Bull 1997, 141 ) . Early on development phase 1955s When it comes to 1955 Mallorca Island is in development phase where mass touristry started to turn during that period. There was a re-establishment of the tourer board that have significantly change the touristry on the island whereby the touristry become more really much linked with the development of bundle vacations and mass touristry from the turning markets in western and northern Europe ( Pearce 1991 and Williams 1997 ) . However in 1959, Spanish authorities took the novice to simplify the process of sing the state in order to overhaul the economic system by deriving abroad gross through ( Stabilisation Act of 1959 ) . The Numberss of visitants started to growing invariably in early 1960s, bulk of the visitants were dominated from UK and Germany in big volumes concentrated particularly during summer season ( Clark 1988 ) ( Figure 1 ) . Consolidation stage-1980s-1990s Between 1960s-1980s the effects from the roar of international touristry to Mallorca, it led to an increasing resort development along the coastline. Most of the island began from the rapid growing of cheap bundle vacations in the sixtiess. However in the late of 1970s, many edifices, resorts and flats were built in order to provide big Numberss of visitants and turning figure of the populations. Majority of these early resorts were portrayed by standard flat edifice architecture, short of appropriate substructure and deficiency of planning, which lead to the consolidation phases. Buswell ( 1996, 321 ) described the growing of tourer declaration on Mallorca as unplanned and piecemeal, even helter-skelter . Later, stricter planning Torahs was set up in 1980s and 1990s against the job that arisen. Subsequently Mallorca managed to keep its good repute with tourers, peculiarly from UK and Germany furthermore invariably attracts about 10 thousand visitants per twelvemonth ( Buswell 1996 and Government Balear 2003 ) Stagnation and Decline stage-1990s-2000s In late 1990s, environmental force per unit areas begin to emerge in Mallorca sing to the issue such as H2O deficits, clime alteration, overcrowding, and over commercialisation every bit good as anti-social behaviour by its visitants. This finally causes an overall of diminution in figure of visitants arrive to its finish. In commissariats of finish life rhythm kineticss, the touristry merchandise of Mallorca was get downing to stagnate and decline and needed direction planning and policy intercession to convey about its rejuvenation ( Butler, 1980 ) . Development of Mass touristry in Calvia, Mallorca Calvia is a municipality of Mallorca which is besides one of the largest touristry having countries. It accounted about one tierce of the entire flow of tourers to Balearic Islands. It covers 145 kmA? and has a coastal strip of 56 Km of beaches and drops which caused it perfectly suited finish for mass touristry. It offers adjustment for 120,000 bedspaces and with about up to 1.6 million visitants a twelvemonth ( Aguilo, Algere and Sard, 2005 ) . Furthermore, with its location in bantam distance from the airdrome of Palma creates an easy accessible to the visitants. The population of the occupant increased from 3000 in dwellers during 1960 up to 30,000 in the late 1890ss ( Dodds 2007 ) . Since 19th century, touristry began to be as chief economic activity of its island ( Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda, 2005 ) . Tourism development in Calvia boomed in the sixtiess and has been based on short-run economic addition. As Aguilo et Al. ( 2005 ) provinces, it was one of the first municipalities to see negative effects of mass touristry. Lack of be aftering ordinances resulted in urban conurbation and deficiency of environmental respect, similar to many Mediterranean resorts. The theoretical account of touristry development in Mallorca has been based on short-run involvement, limitless constructing out of melody with local conditions, and an unsustainable development of exceeding natural resources . Tourist development took topographic point in 1960s to 1980s and was headlong and unplanned. Economy In economic point of position, touristry is of import as it create occupation chances, substructure development every bit good as foreign exchange. The unemployment rate is much lower than national norm ( Ministerio de Trabajo 2005 ) as there are about 31,793 people employed in restaurant-bars, 2057 involved in transit lease, 483 in supermarkets, 398 people employed in souvenir stores and with 1,684 plants in other tourer installations. Meanwhile 1,402 involved in beach concern and 18,003 are involved in supplying tourer activities. In Calvia it was estimated about 61749 vacancies in footings of supplying tourer activities ( Molz 2004 ) . It has 30 higher income per capital of national and 5 higher of E.U. degrees ( Ministerio de Economia y Hacienda 2005 ) . Looking at these figures it becomes perfectly obvious 85 of Balearic Island s GNP is from tourer industry, and touristry is the chief beginning of income for the metropolis of Calvia whereby economic system is wholly reliant upon it. From the statistics Numberss given, it can be conclude that there is high figure of labour force fall ining the labor market, the tourer monoculture particularly during the peak seasonal form, labor with a low wage system, and force per unit area of work during high season ( Local Agenda 21 2001 ) . Socio civilization impact While touristry provides certain economic benefits to a part in any instance in the short term, nevertheless it does causes annoyance to the local manner of life. To the locals the concerns may deduce due to the unrealized promises, break of a traditional manner of life, inadequacy of employment chances or defeat with the economic alterations which came with mass touristry development. Before touristry takes topographic point, Calvia was basically a hapless and rural country with small outside contact and general history of out-migration with its ain linguistic communication and civilization of Catalan roots ( Ruzza 2004 ) . However touristry has entirely altered these characteristics ; a huge figure of in-migration from the Spanish peninsula arrived to carry through the demand for labour created by the growing of mass touristry, peculiarly in the edifice industry and the hotel concern. Consequent to that the impermanent immigrant population, has bit by bit turn into occupant, finally this causes the loss of cultural individuality, struggle over linguistic communication issues, and deficiency of societal integrating within local and immigrant population and bantam engagement in local societal life. Although Calvia is Spain s richest municipality and one of the richest in Europe, it has the lowest degree of instruction in Spain which itself the lowest in Europe ( Ayuntament de Calvia 1995 ) . Besides, most of employments given for servers and house cleansing agent which did non trained by a professional skilled. Consequences of excessively many visitants Reason tourer choose Calvia as vacation finish The continuity of the Sun and sand theoretical account ( 2005, 222 ) , describes that the ground induces tourers to take the peculiar Sun and sand finish include the clime of 76.2, the beaches ( 51.2 ) , the monetary value ( 36.4 ) , and the quality of the hotels ( 22.2 ) . Among all, clime is the cardinal ground followed by the beaches which induces tourers for taking such finish. As a consequence Calvia received a turning figure of visitants who travel to a mass touristry vacation finish attracted by the clime, Sun and beaches. Calvia were seen as a theoretical account based on value, in footings of monetary value competition it has lure many visitants particularly from UK and German with it standardisation of the vacation experience ( CIITIB, 2002 ) . Social impact For the local point of position, visitants seem to use the physical environment from the local nevertheless the net income that generated from the visitants are non portion with the local community. Thus it creates unwanted impacts on supports without sharing benefits with the local people who bear the cost of both human and natural environment. Finally conflicts arise among local populations with huge figure of visitants as they need to vie for limited usage of resources such as H2O, sanitation, energy and land utilizations. In point of tourer position it is often recapitulate with the statements with this used to be a Eden but now it is ruined because of overcrowding, over commercialisation or overdevelopment. The mass touristry cohesiveness and the assortment of jobs experienced in Calvia have excessively frequently formed blemish aboard beautiful natural scenery ; crowded with huge Numberss of tourers as if they were many cowss ; ruined traditional civilizations and occupational forms by making a insidious touristry industry portrayed as low paying occupations service and manipulative values ; without refering the demands of local citizens and the community values that were inconsistent with matter-of-fact economic demands of the touristry industry. Environmental impact The risen Numberss of visitants and occupants have huge environmental force per unit area in Calvia . As mentioned in pantryman s life rhythm, Mallorca was in the period of stagnation in 1990s may put on the line by lifting of environmental force per unit area chiefly due to H2O deficits and climatic alteration. Inadequate H2O supply The issue of unequal H2O supply particularly during peak period and summer season, H2O supplies is aggravated by visitants flows for usage in hotels, swimming pools and golf class. Harmonizing to the statistic documented in 1995, the H2O ingestion by visitants amounted of 160 litres per twenty-four hours whereby occupant is merely 130 litres. High demand in energy ingestion The one-year ingestion of primary energy in Calvia sum to 72,000 TEP per twelvemonth of which merely 2 is renewable. However, the ingestion per twenty-four hours was 6.47 kwh and visitants stay one dark in hotel the ingestion amounted to 2.14 kwh ( Dodds 2007 ) . Pollution by Conveyances Of 1,400,000 tones emanation of C dioxide, 58 is due to transporting tourer in and out of Mallorca. In Calvia 1995 statistic, visitants are the major causes of traffic congestion where of 70 million journeys 50 million were from visitants. Urban waste In 1995 Calvia produced 41000 dozenss of urban waste with approximately 1.25 kilograms per twenty-four hours by the occupant nevertheless 1kg per visitants a twenty-four hours. Furthermore there is a limited option for disposal. The production of effluent and solid waste in visitant countries frequently surpass the transporting capacity of local substructure due the high seasonal demand. Deterioration of the Land usage Building development in Calvia has been inordinate with aggregate business of flaxen beaches and of import enclaves along the bouldery coastline ( Pappas 2007 ) . With over 60 of Calvia part was caused by dirt eroding. However land country was cut downing drastically because of urbanisation. Furthermore, as a consequence of urbanisation, preies and waste mopess were increasing. Forest fires besides sparked farther devastation of the land. Harmonizing to an accounting of the distribution of the full country of Calvia made by Schmitt ( Molz 2004 ) in 1991 the build-up-area has quadrupled in the old ages from 1968 to 1991 ( +311.6 ) . However 57 of archeological heritage were at high hazard of impairment. Overcrowded beach About 80 of the analyzed instances show overcrowding despite an urban beach or natural beach. There is a strong seasonal concentration of visitants between June and September because of the demand for Sun and beaches. Subsequently this led to overcrowded beach with less than 6 mA? of beach surface per individual with increasing anthropogenetic force per unit area over the coastal zone ( Garcia and Jaume 2003, 287 ) . Solution Calvia is an illustration of a mass touristry finish which, from a consequence of touristry force per unit area in the late eightiess, faced important economic, societal and environmental diminution. As mentioned by Butler ( 1993 ) touristry is an activity because of its trust upon the care of natural environment and natural procedures, should impart itself toward sustainable development. Therefore, sustainable development must ever be touristry s chief aim. Without natural environment and natural procedures at that place would non be any touristry activity at all. In the instance of Calvia the lessening of touristry Numberss and Balearic Island as a whole goaded ordinances and attempts to travel towards turn toing the jobs of the debasement of the environment, impairment of societal systems and installations and the menace of farther touristry diminution. Definition of Planning and Policy Mass touristry is a cardinal issue in the planetary touristry industry, may it be in Mallorca or Brazil or Iceland. The word MASS entirely brings about one fright: mass-destruction. Without careful touristry planning, it brings about unobserved effects that can do touristry destructing touristry go a world and incubus. By looking at the definition of planning is highly equivocal and hard to specify. Chadwick ( 1971, 24 ) provinces that planning is a procedure of human idea with an action based upon the thought in point of fact, premeditation, thought for the hereafter, nil more or less than this is be aftering . Meanwhile Hall ( 2008, 90 ) supported Chadwick s thoughts to reason that most of import facet of planning is that it is directed towards the hereafter . However, be aftering can non be accomplished without policy because it is closely related footings. Wilkinson ( 1997 ) linked planning and policy by saying planning is a class of action, whereas policy is the execution of the planned class of action. Planing and policy in the instance of Calvia Calvia Plan for tourer Excellent 1990 The program was developed in 1990 as to aim the menace of diminution. It comes along with the Balearic Autonomous community in cooperation with the municipalities as to overhaul, better and diversify the touristry. This program included edifice clearance to recover unfastened infinite, seek to compensate the seasonal nature of touristry and preparation and employment. However this program is chiefly focused on the industry supply side alternatively of sustainability of the finish and host community did non affect at all. As a consequence, it did non try to get the better of the turning issues that have arisen. Calvia Local Agenda 21 ( LA21 ) 1995 At the terminal of 1994, the Town council of Calvia , together with a scope of working groups, drew up the Local Agenda 21 for Calvia as a long term schemes integrated with economic, societal, territorial and environment actions. In explicating LA21 in 1995 and Action Plan in 1997, the Municipality of Calvia actively involved the support of local community, all the stakeholders, NGO every bit good as national and EU authoritiess. The cardinal aims for LA21 Calvia concentrating on come ining a new manner of life based on sustainable and participatory urban and touristry planning ; stress environmental direction of the finish, expression for for understanding and consensus with societal representatives, control development and act for more stable employment in the country. ( Calvia Agenda Local 21, Mallorca, Spain 2004 ) . In 1998 New Balearic Law in Calvia was set out as to restrict adjustment growing, reconstruct bing hotels and to protect 40 of natural countries. The aims of the LA21 comprises of 10 strategic lines of action and 40 enterprises. Cardinal consequences that have been achieved since the execution of Calvia s 1997 program The LA21 Action Plan which were set out in 1997 were seems to hold betterment in a general motion toward sustainability within the part and as Calvia is reasonably independent, it was able to follow and implement many enterprises without the demand for coaction from higher authorities. Among those cardinal consequences that have been achieved since the execution of the LA21 action program are stated below: Planing and Regeneration Decline of 200 bed without rise in figure of hotels and flats 1993-2002-about 30 edifice clearance program actions including existent edifice destruction and purchase of urban secret plans as to forestall farther building were carried out Demolished edifices on more than 13,500mA? of the entire surface country Upgraded country in Magaluf A ; Palma Nova tourer country with prosaic zones and seting tree as to better quality of the country. In Paseo de Calvia 32 kilometer cycling and walking way was built Environmental instruments Tax was enforcing on H2O ingestion for preservation with awareness runs on advancing its usage. The recycling A ; urban waste decrease programs successfully separated 70 of the urban waste at beginning, helping by cut downing cost of recycling attempt, minimising land fill. Sea dredging which used to bring forth beaches has been terminated while steps on environmental friendly were put in topographic point to minimise eroding. New ordinance for restricting ground tackle harm A ; harbor congestion cause by boats Protect wild life A ; ecosystems with the constitution of Marine Park A ; tellurian protected countries. Economic instruments Enforce an eco-tax in 2002 by Balearic Government as to transport out Calvia council rehabilitation and regenerative undertakings. Voluntary instruments Renovation programmes for hotels, tourer adjustment and tourer installations established to upgrade quality and pull a higher output tourer Socio cultural instruments Programs to battle offense, lodging and other societal issues Multi-cultural and societal programmes such as dance, submerged picture taking and linguistic communication categories established to assist incorporate immigrants into Mallorquin civilization. Calvia has been recognized internationally for its attempts decision Calvia 2.0 The development of mass touristry in Calvia, Mallorca. 2.1 Definition of Mass Tourism

Frequency Definition in Science

Frequency Definition in Science In the most general sense, frequency is defined as the number of times an event occurs per unit of time. In physics and chemistry, the term frequency is most often applied to waves, including light, sound, and radio. Frequency is the number of times a point on a wave passes a fixed reference point in one second. The period or duration of time of a cycle of a wave is the reciprocal (1 divided by) of frequency. The SI unit for frequency is the Hertz (Hz), which is equivalent to the older unit cycles per second (cps). Frequency is also known as cycles per second or temporal frequency. The usual symbols for frequency are the  Latin letter  f  or the Greek letter ÃŽ ½ (nu). Examples of Frequency Although the standard definition of frequency is based on events per second, other units of time may be used, such as minutes or hours. For example, a human heart may beat at a frequency of 68 beats per minute.A 78 record on a turntable turns at the rate of 78 revolutions per minute or 78 rpm.

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis - Case Study Example As of now, at the second level, no forms of registration limitations exist for .co domains, which take their parent entity from go.co. What this means is that any individual or company at all can get registered unto a .co domain. Internet and website pundits such as Alexa classify go.co to generally fall under web portals (Management Study Guide, 2012). For the purpose of the present case study therefore, the company, Go.co will be analyzed as a separate and independent company from the ccTLD category but pushed into the wider web portal category as key competitors seem to be springing up quickly on a daily basis in that broader industry scope as a web portal. Industry Analysis Major International Competitors .com Countries: USA, Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Italy, Romania Type of Company: Common Stock 30 Day Average Volume: 3,607,911 Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC): Yes Yahoo Country: Germany, Japan, USA, Mexico, Italy Type of Company: Common Stock and ADR 30 Day Avera ge Volume: 23,252,490 DNSSEC: Yes AOL Countries: Germany, USA Type of Company: Common Stock Shares outstanding: 93.97 DNSSEC: No Baidu Country: Singapore, Germany, Mexico, USA Type of Company: Common Stock 30 Day average Volume: 4,581,215 DNSSEC: No .uk Country: UK, Germany Type of Company: Common Stock Shares outstanding: 2.32 DNSSEC: Yes GO.CO Country: France Type of Company: Common Stock Shares outstanding: 1.34 DNSSEC: Yes Xing Countries: Germany, UK Type of Company: Common Stock 30 Day Average Volume: 548 DNSSEC: No Source: Bloomberg (2012) GO.CO is comfortably treated as part of the web portal competitive industry because of the line of business and area of web operation under taken by .CO and the other web portals. In a typical scenario, almost all of these companies provide search engine and online sale services and so can all come under the same umbrella in a comfortable manner (Quick, 2009). From the table, there are two major competitors identified for go.com if the compa ny wants to position itself at a point where it would gain its accolade as an international force in the web portal industry. These companies or competitors are .com and .uk. Already, .com is ranked as the number most popular internet TLD by Alexa, whiles the same source ranks .uk as number two (Roberts, 2009). From the table, which presents the 30 Day Average Volume and shares outstanding, not much can be said to refute this fact. Strategic Analysis Models SWOT Analysis Strengths A globally strong parent company, GO.CO and other major TLD, which is the .com domain. Multi-operational web system and function Reduced capital intensive growth path as a result of existing franchise model Brand equity, which creates a competitive edge. Weaknesses Inability to rise as a third force in the global web portal industry Over dependence on franchise ownership by other subsidiaries of its parent company Static innovative growth to match modern trends of web browsing. Opportunities Ever growing n eed among internet users for search engines and other web portals Ever growing population of internet users (Quick, 2009) Growing affordability of companies to promote internet use (Vancouver, 2006) Threats Rapid growth of smaller competitors such as AOL and Xing as competitive web portals. Global economic rebasing (Garderner, 2006) Larger competitors entering into further alliances for growth. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Intensity of Competitive Rivalry Very High The revenue turnover of the key competitor namely Yahoo, and that of the

INTERNSHIP PORTFOLIO Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

INTERNSHIP PORTFOLIO - Thesis Example There is a high level of turnover for subordinate positions that is caused by the frustrations that come from a non-horizontal structure with more job autonomy. Academic learning provided insight into the psychological mechanisms that drive employee behaviour and needs related to the work environment. This formal learning helped me to understand why some people in the workplace are more motivated and why others tend to be less productive. Gambrel & Cianci (2003) identify that employees have a need for affiliation and recognition from peers and from supervisors. Once these have been satisfied and there is a more team-based environment, employees can build on their self-confidence, and feel as though they are having a useful impact on their job environment as an element of power and control (Gambrel & Cianci). Personal notations taken throughout the course of the internship at ATF Bank indicated that there was not a unified and harmonious culture of belonging at this organisation with no structured (formal) or informal policies about group working and creating a culture of quality and interpersonal communication development. ... Many of the managers at the organisation were expatriate leaders send from France, the United States, and also Egypt because of their specialized knowledge in human resources and overall global finance. Many people from Kazakhstan had difficulty working with these cultures due to their social and management principles. For example, academic learning provided knowledge on Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions framework that gives a very basic breakdown of different cultural values across the world. Blodgett, Bakir & Rose (2008) offers that collectivists have a strong value for group welfare and expect group loyalty as part of a larger family unit. In opposite accord, individualists value self-expression and want to work independently from others (Blodgett, et al.). Because of these differences between the foreign managers and those in the host country, coupled with no organisational structure that allowed for innovation and recognition, developing team-based systems and gaining peer s upport was next to impossible. A self-assessment profile, the Myer-Briggs inventory, gave me a strong inclination toward extroversion above all other principles on the scoring instrument. Churchill & Bayne (1998) describe extroversion as the ability to work well with others and able to focus with comfort on the external social world; a more interactive person. This fits well with my self-report on personality as I have always been a person that takes a visible leadership position when in social and work groups. This is why the need to negotiate conflict and understand cultural principles for foreign workers was so critical, since these skills are necessary for success in business and in a leadership role and

Police Abuse Essay Example for Free

Police Abuse Essay Police brutality is the excessive, unreasonable use of force against citizens, suspects, and offenders. A study showed that most citizens complained against police officers because of the use of profanity and abusive language towards them, the use of commands to move on or get home, stopping and questioning people on the street or searching them and their cars without probable cause, the use of threats to use force if not obeyed, prodding with a nightstick or approaching with a pistol, and actual use of physical force or violence itself for no reason at all. Police brutality causes a lack of communication between minority groups and the police department and a lack of trust because of previous run-ins with brutality. In some cases police brutality runs over into an officers personal life as well. There have been several cases where an officer is arrested due to domestic violence and leads to an investigation of their work life. Most of the time there are cover ups, when domestic disputes occur so that the department does not get negative coverage if the incident was to get out, (2002, November). Ethics are considered a structure for most departments in the United States. There are several bad apples that get greedy and are cocky at times and think that they cannot be touched if they do wrong. Police departments around the U.S. have several issues with corruption, misconduct, and brutality. Most of  the time these issues are covered up so that, these officers do not give the departments bad names and people do not trust them and they, are having more crime on their hands instead of defeating the crime. In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and recovery of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens rights are taken advantage of by the police. Some measures necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. All citizens must take affirmative actions from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Members of the police force are government officials who enforce the law and maintain order. They are engaged in dangerous and stressful occupation that can involve violent situations that must be controlled. In many of these confrontations with the public it may become necessary for the police to administer force in order to take control of the situation. As unfortunate as it may seem however, police officers are injuring and even killing people through the use of excessive force and brutal treatment. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, to such an extent that worrying about excessive policy for abuse behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are serving; not themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, accurately identified as civil rights. One of the main police abuse problems is physical brutality. I think that there should be some kind of written policy that would restrict physical force to the narrowest possible range of specific situations. For example, there should be limitations on the use of hand to hand combat, batons, mace, stun  guns and firearms. However, limiting policies actions will bring much debate, especially from police officers and administrators themselves. Many feel that their firepower is already too weak to battle the weapons that criminals have out on the streets, thus limiting their legality of gun use will not only endanger them, but the innocent bystanders who must endure the hierarchy gun power creates in the benefit of criminals. In simple terms, corruption in policing is usually viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: Misuse of authority, Misuse of official capacity, Misuse of personal attainment, (Kornblum 1976: p 71). It has been said that power inevitably leads to corruption, and it is yet to be recognized that , while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed to violating the law. Not only should officers use brutality in very limited situations, I think that it would help requiring officers to file a written report after any use of physical force, regardless of how seemingly insignificant. Although, if every incidence of police abuse was requested to be reported, how many actually would be? Maybe only those serious enough, as depicted in new guidelines, would make it, leaving some space for officers to exert pressure without crossing serious and abusive policy. Another good tactic to control police brutality is to establish a system to identify officers who have been involved in an inordinate number of incidents that include the inappropriate use of physical fo rce. The incidents should then be investigated. For those offices who are frequently involved in unnecessary police brutality, they should be charged, disciplined, re-trained, and offered counseling. If such treatment proves ineffective, officers who violate abuse standards should be brought up on review before an administrative board made up of citizens and police officials. Officers will most likely ask, Is identifying abusive officers a  form of prejudice? The police officer is there to serve and protect the public who pays his or her salary. The officer should then be subject to any investigations into his or her abusive actions on the job. Yet even if internal policy and external government supervision is successful, it is difficult to say how the ethics of police officers will affect abuse policy as they are based on personal background and upbringing that have little to do with the issue at hand. While there are specific solutions to brutality and rights abuse, there are also some general solutions that could be implemented before the problems even arise. For example, there should be changes in police officer training. Some communities have demanded their officers receive higher education. However, there is no proof that well-educated officers rely less on abuse and more on departmentally sound investigation techniques. The length of training of police personnel should be increased, as has been the recent trend throughout the years. The average length of police academy programs has more than doubled, from about 300, to over 600 hours; in some cities, 900 up to even 1200 hours has become the new rule. (Silverman 1999: p 124) As the time devoted to training has increased, the institutions should also stress the importance of the growing trends in criminal activity so that they are prepared to deal with them. These include such areas as race relations, domestic violence, handling the mentally ill, and so on. This will, in turn, enable operations run more smoothly, hopefully avoiding police abuse problems in the future. Methods must be implemented which effectively deal with police who tend to cross the line, from simple situations to serious firearm use or prejudice. Some of the solutions, particularly the policy changes, will be met with controversy and will be difficult to implement. Keeping track of police actions is the next step in self-protection. There have been thousands of reported incidents of police misconduct in the countless cities throughout the nation, and probably thousands more that transpire without any mention. Law enforcement officers in the United States have been granted powerful authority to assist them in serving and protecting the people of this country. Many of them use their authority to uphold their duties with honor and  integrity. However, the abuses of these powers are taking place with more and more frequency. The police scandals that have surfaced within the past decade have been multiplying. If drastic measures are not taken to restore the integrity of the United States Law Enforcement, chaos will permeate throughout the nation. As citizens begin to lose their trust for law enforcement, they will gradually lose their trust in the system. While the threat of a world war has diminished, the violence on the streets across America has increased at a dramatic rate. Police are forced to face this violence and are sometimes caught up in the same violent and abusive cycle whole trying to fight it. Citizens realize that there are limits as to what a police officer can do. To make society a safe place for both citizens and officers, it is imperative that they work together for a comprehensive checks and balances system. The United States Constitution guarantees certain rights for everyone, and is the very backbone of this country. If these rights are to be ignored, either through permissive laws enacted by law enforcement against private citizens, or through a lack of maintenance of existing protective legislation, private citizens; which means the entire country, will become paralyzed. Because of this, the opportunity and freedom which this country is built on must be enforced, and those charged with doing so must not abuse their power. References (2002, December) Police Corruption, http://www.iejs.com/policing word-slash-word police_corruption.htm (2002, November) Addressing police misconduct, http://www.usdoj.gov (2002, November) Police brutality: the cop crimes homepage for law enforcement and government corruption, http://www.copcrimes.comword-slashwordhomepage.htm Alpert, Geoffrey P., Dunham Roger G. Police Use of Deadly Force. Washington D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, 1995. Chevigny, Paul. Police Power. Toronto: Random House, 1994. Cohen, Henry. Brutal Justice. New York: John Jay Press, 1980. Kornblum, Alan N. The Moral Hazards. New York: D.C. Heath, 1976. Silverman, Eli B. NYPD Battles Crime. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press, 1999.

Charles V :: essays research papers

CHARLES V FEBRUARY 24, 1500 – SEPTEMBER 21, 1558   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles V was born on February 24, 1500 in Ghent, which today is better known Belgium. He was the oldest in the family so when his father died in 1506, he inherited the Netherlands and the Franche Comte, which was located in France but actually belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. He gained much more land once his maternal and paternal grandfathers died. Not since Charlemagne, in the early 9th Century, had one person dominated so much land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Charles visited Spain for the first time, he realized that he wasn’t popular among the citizens. However, his fight against the muslim Turks and the German Protestants won him some acceptance. Though being accepted was a problem, controlling the finances became a much larger one. There were many times when promising military campaigns had to be broken off due to lack of money and at times it appeared that Charles didn’t much mind that such actions had to be taken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1519 Charles was elected German King and Holy Roman Emperor. So after his visit to Spain he went to Germany to be officially crowned king. But, he would have to wait until 1530 to become the Holy Roman Emperor. Charles was going through a lot and he soon started feeling the pressures of his obligations and to add to his pressures, he would soon be going into war with France, a big competitor and persistent enemy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles V went through many wars, but his most were with France. The Valois kings fought the emperor for the leadership of Europe in general and for the domination of Italy in particular. Though in 1525 Charles’s army defeated and captured Francis I of France at the Battle of Pavia in Italy it was thought that the war was over. But when the peace compromise was final and Francis was released, the Italian wars began again. In 1535 the Spaniards captured Milan and confirmed their domination of Italy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, in stages, between 1555 through 1568, Charles V voluntarily gave up the throne.

A Caregiver’s Story

Sarah (Sharon Cuneta), a grade school English teacher, joins the 150,000 Pinoy OFWs working in the United Kingdom to support her husband, Teddy (John Estrada), in making a better living for their family. More than just a chronicle of the Filipino experience working as nurses and caregivers in the U. K. , this story also charts Sarah's journey to self-discovery – from a submissive wife who makes sacrifices to make way for her Teddy's aspirations to an empowered woman who finds dignity and pride in a humbling job as a caregiver in London. The story begins as Sarah says goodbye to her familiar world. After finishing an arduous course in caregiving, she bids farewell to the Grade 5 classroom where she teaches English. She buys a winter coat for her son Paulo (John Manalo) and promises he will use it once she can afford to take him to London. In typical Pinoy fashion, she shares tearful goodbyes with her whole family at the airport when she finally leaves for the United Kingdom. Sarah arrives in London. At their apartment, she and Teddy share a passionate reunion. In a honeymoon mood, he takes her to the beautiful sights around London. While window-shopping at a famous mall, Sarah meets Sean (Makisig Morales), a spunky Filipino boy, as he tries to shoplift chocolate bars. After the initial fleeting period of excitement, she experiences the hard challenges every Filipino caregiver faces every day: cold weather, dirty work and difficult patients. Meanwhile, Teddy also struggles with the daily grind in the hospital where he works. He is stressed and drinks often because he has failed the nursing test twice. Despite the difficulty of adjusting to London life, however, Sarah faithfully stands by her Teddy. She tries to make the most of the situation by doing her best at work and earns the respect of Mr. Morgan, a wealthy old man. Teddy is oblivious to her success, however, as he is absorbed in his own problems with work. Sarah finds solace in her friendship with Mr. Morgan and his son David, who seems to appreciate her more than Teddy does, and with Sean, who eases her longing for her own son. Tension rises between Sarah and Teddy as the stress of London life takes its toll on their marriage. Because of mounting conflict both at work and home, Teddy decides to give up. He tells Sarah that they are going back to the Philippines. Sarah finds it very hard to accept Teddy's decision. She knows that staying in London is the best thing for their family, because returning to the Philippines would only mean going back to the same problems they had before. Will Sarah choose to remain by Teddy's side to keep her family intact? Or will she find the strength to stay in London to continue seeking a better life for her son, even if it means losing her marriage?

Assessment for Learning: the Roles of Teachers Essay

1.1: Compare and contrast the roles of the teacher and the learning support practitioner in assessment of learner’s achievements. The roles of Teachers and learning support practitioners are similar in that they are both continuingly monitoring the progress and achievements of the learner. Teachers need to be aware of every child’s progress within their setting. Gathering evidence and developing a full picture of each child is important, in order to understand their individual needs and supply accurate feedback to other teachers, support staff, parents and the senior leadership team. Teachers are required to plan lessons and set learning objectives for their classes. This is usually discussed with support staff, so they are able to help implement the lesson and effectively support the children’s learning. Support assistants can also be involved with the planning process, as their feedback should influence what is included in the lesson, and how future lessons nee ds to move forward. Both Teachers and Support Assistants should be observing children throughout the lesson. Support staffs are in a unique position, as they are able to observe the class whilst the Teacher leads the session. Through observations, teachers and support staff can identify children who are in need of additional support; it also gives a clear picture of class attainment as a whole. By doing this, targets can be set for individual children and different ability groups, helping them progress with their learning. The overall achievement of a class is a collaborative effort between the teacher and the learning support practitioners. The responsibility of assessment falls to anyone working with the child, and is an on-going process that should never stop happening in the learning environment. 1.2: Summarise the difference between formative and summative assessments. Teachers and Support staff use many different methods when assessing learners. These may include: observations, written records, verbal discussions, checklists and tick charts. Assessments can either be formative or summative. Formative assessments – On-going series of processes that are not conclusive. They are used to gather evidence, and help build a more complete picture of the child, for example: A child’s behaviour may be monitored over a period of time, in order to assess how best to cater for their needs. This will influence future planning and support interventions, as well as help to give a more complete picture of their behavioural patterns. Summative assessments – Used to draw conclusions and bring evidence together. They will consolidate all observations and previous assessments to come to an overall conclusion. Planning can then be set for the next steps, for example: A child who has had his behaviour observed over a period of time, in various different settings, may have an IEP put in place in light of the evidence gathered. Formative assessments are needed in order to make a summative assessment, as they are what contribute to the findings and overall conclusions. 1.3: Explain the characteristics of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is a key tool for both Teachers and Support staff. It ensures that the learning goals for each lesson are clearly identified and are understood by the learner. This can be achieved by using the WALT and WILF principle: WALT, meaning; We Are Learning Today and WILF, meaning; What I’m Looking For. These objectives should be established at the beginning of each lesson, in order for the learner to understand the lesson criteria and expectations. Assessment for learning also aims for each child to have knowledge of the level they are working at, and what their targets are. This promotes independent learning, as the child understands what they are aiming to achieve and the goals they need to reach. Self-assessment and peer assessment is a key characteristic in assessment for learning. It aims to make children autonomous learners, and be able to recognise how to improve their work. Peer assessment allows children to give constructive advice to their peers, in order for them to progress their skills and learn from one another. Giving feedback to learners, so that they know which steps they need to take next, is crucial. Constructive feedback, along with effective planning, will focus the learners’ attention to the areas they need to improve on. It’s important that each learner believes they have the power to improve, and are confident enough in their ability to do so. 1.4: Explain the importance and benefits of assessment for learning. Assessment for learning is an important teaching tool as it clarifies whether or not the learning objectives, delivered through teaching, are being met. It can determine the educational needs of the children and affect decisions on: extra provisions or interventions, funding and a child’s marks. It helps develop a different culture towards learning and actively involves the child in that process. This is achieved through: helping the child understand the purpose of their learning, giving them the ability to recognise their own strengths and areas they need to improve on, motivating them to aspire to achieve through goals and targets, and giving them an opportunity to discuss with teachers and their peers about their learning. This is hugely beneficial as it encourages children to take ownership over their own learning. It also helps teaching staff identify the needs of the children and determine what approach to take next.

Quotes of Encouragement for Women

Quotes of Encouragement for Women Fight off the feeling of helplessness. You are a woman! You have the power to create, nurture, and mold. Your voice may be soft, but it carries a sense of determination. Your shoulders may be delicate, but they can carry the burden of a family with ease. Dont underestimate your strengths and abilities. When the time is right, you can prove your mettle to the world. Quotes of Encouragement for Women Read these encouraging quotes for women and learn to believe in yourself. These quotes can help you overcome any challenge that hinders your growth. St. Teresa of AvilaHowever softly we speak, God is near enough to hear us. Anais NinThere came a time when the risk to remain tight in the bud was more painful than the risk it took to blossom. Havelock EllisCharm is a womans strength just as strength is a mans charm. Indira GandhiPeople with clenched fists can not shake hands. Alice WalkerThe most common way people give up their power is by thinking they dont have any. Anais NinDreams are necessary to life. Pearl BaileyPeople see God every day. They just dont recognize him. Diane MariechildA woman is the full circle. Within her is the power to create, nurture and transform. Grandma MosesLife is what we make it, always has been, always will be. Edgar Watson HoweA man has his clothes made to fit him; a woman makes herself fit her clothes.

Definition and Discussion

Definition and Discussion Lexical meaning  refers to the  sense (or meaning) of a word  (or lexeme)  as it appears in a dictionary. Also known as semantic meaning, denotative meaning, and central meaning. Contrast with grammatical meaning  (or structural meaning). The branch of linguistics thats concerned with the study of lexical meaning is called lexical semantics. Examples and Observations There is no necessary congruity between the structural and lexical meanings of a word. We can observe a congruity of these meanings, for example, in the word cat, where both structural and lexical meaning refer to an object. But often the structural and lexical meanings of a word act in different or even diametrically opposite directions. For example, the structural meaning of protection refers to an object, while its lexical meaning refers to a process; and conversely, the structural meaning of (to) cage refers to a process, while its lexical meaning refers to an object. The tension between structural and lexical meanings I call the antinomy between grammar and the lexicon... The essential aspect of the interrelation between structural and lexical meanings is that lexical meanings constrain grammatical rules. Yet, in stating the laws of grammar we must abstract from the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. The laws of grammar cannot be stated in terms of the lexical constraints on the rules of grammar of individual languages. These requirements are captured in the following law: Law of Autonomy of Grammar From the Lexicon The meaning of the structure of a word or a sentence is independent of the meanings of the lexical signs that instantiate this structure. (Sebastian Shaumyan, Signs, Mind, and Reality. John Benjamins, 2006) The Sense Enumeration Model The most orthodox model of lexical meaning is the monomorphic, sense enumeration model, according to which all the different possible meanings of a single lexical item are listed in the lexicon as part of the lexical entry for the item. Each sense in the lexical entry for a word is fully specified. On such a view, most words are ambiguous. This account is the simplest conceptually, and it is the standard way dictionaries are put together. From the perspective of a typed theory, this view posits many types for each word, one for each sense. . . . While conceptually simple, this approach fails to explain how some senses are intuitively related to each other and some are not. . . . Words or, perhaps more accurately, word occurrences that have closely related senses are logically polysemous, while those that do not receive the label accidentally polysemous or simply homonymous. . . . Bank is a classic example of an accidentally polysemous word . . .. On the other hand, lunch, bill, and city are classified as logically polysemous. (Nicholas Asher,  Lexical Meaning in Context: A Web of Words. Cambridge University Press, 2011) The Encyclopedic View Some, though by no means all, semanticists have proposed that lexical meanings are encyclopedic in character (Haiman 1980; Langacker 1987).  The encyclopedic view of  lexical meaning is  that there is no sharp dividing line between that part of a words meaning which is strictly linguistic (the dictionary view of lexical meaning) and that part which is nonlinguistic knowledge about the concept. While this dividing line is difficult to maintain, it is clear that some semantic properties are more central to a words meaning than others, particularly those properties that apply to (almost) all and only the instances of the kind, which are intrinsic to the kind, and which are conventional knowledge of (almost) all of the speech community (Langacker 1987: 158-161). (William Croft, Lexical and Grammatical Meaning.  Morphologie / Morphology, ed. by  Geert Booij et al.  Ã‚  Walter de Gruyter,  2000) The Lighter Side of Lexical Meaning Special Agent Seeley Booth: Im glad that you apologized to the Canadian. Im proud of you, Bones. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: I didnt apologize. Special Agent Seeley Booth: I thought . . .. Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: The word apology derives from the Ancient Greek apologia, which means a speech in defense. When I defended what I said to him, you told me that wasnt a real apology. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Why dont you think of a word that means you feel bad for making someone else feel bad? Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: Contrite. Special Agent Seeley Booth: Ah! Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan: From the Latin contritus meaning crushed by a sense of sin. Special Agent Seeley Booth: There. Thats it. Contrite. Okay, Im happy that you contrited to the Canadian. (David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel in The Feet on the Beach. Bones, 2011)

Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marxism - Essay Example Marx observed that men were below and even seemed that under the control of the society. This is the main point of agreement with Friedrich Engels who wrote the Principles of Communism (Kuper, 1972). Marxism started as a principle to manage the material conditions within the society such as the production of goods. According to Marx, the materialist conception should be the main focus in the record of history of human society because material production is the basis of social life, thus, the real history. He expressed that in the production of goods the process and development as well as the instruments and methods used were clearer and more distinct indications of the differences in the periods of human history (D’Amato, 2006). Basically, the main content of the evolution of Marxism is based on the economic views ad capitalism. Although Marx perceived that this view is a holistic approach to the determination and study of the different stages in human history, the different succeeding philosophers created different perspectives within his classical view to the modern views. The main achievement of Marxism is the importance given to the meaning of capitalism. Prior to the concept, the perspective of the society is focused on different aspects. Through Marx and Engels’ views, the economics of capitalism and the labor theory of value acquired more attention and became the subject of research. Marx focused his work in the systematic description of commodity which became the focus of his capitalist principle. Through the course of his career, he built up on the concept. He presented important factors that can affect the capitalist structure, for example the scarcity and the human labor (D’Amato, 2006). Based on the analysis of Marxism, the feasibility of the principle can be compared to the life of an organism that grows, develops and